Raid on Mittenheide

In July 1943 Colonel Stanisław Karolkiewicz (nom de guerre Szczęsny) organized a unit of the Striking Cadre Battalions, which was part of the right-wing Konfederacja Narodu. Its members chose their noms de guerre from characters of Pan Tadeusz, an epic poem by Adam Mickiewicz. Since the Striking Cadre Battalions headquarters permitted retaliatory attacks, the Poles decided to make a raid on East Prussia, in the area of Johannisburg. The choice was not accidental - many German soldiers and administration workers in Bezirk Bialystok came from that part of the Third Reich.[4] There lived their families and there, the Germans felt safe.

Colonel Stanislaw Karolkiewicz and his unit of 28 well-armed men, avoiding German troops, started off from the Wysokie Mazowieckie County. They crossed the Narew and the Biebrza, reaching the northern part of the Lomza County. Karolkiewicz and his men were closely cooperating with local structures of the National Armed Forces, which was a dominant underground organization in this part of occupied Poland and whose members provided Karolkiewicz with vital information about the Prussian side of the border.

Karolkiewicz decided that the Poles would attack the village of Mittenheide and the forestership of Krummenheide.[6] Mittenheide (until 1938 Turoscheln, today Turośl), located 3 km north of the pre-war border. According to Kazimierz Krajewski, in 1943 the village was an armed settlement (each house was armed and the men were organised in paramilitary formation of Landwache) of 1000 people and an unknown number of escapees from western German cities, who had fled from Allied bombing.[7] According to official German statistics the village had 519 permanent inhabitants in 1939.[8] A police station was also located in the village. Among the residents of Mittenheide, there was SA Standartenführer Herman Upitz (or Herbert Opitz[9]), a special envoy of Heinrich Himmler delegated to fight against Polish existence in the area, known for his hostile attitude towards Polish and Russian slave workers.[10] Other targets included houses of devoted Nazis, members of the Nazi party and inhabitants that engaged in brutality against Polish population[1]

The objectives of the attack were:

• to destroy the police station,
• to destroy households of Nazi party members and those Germans who participated in massacres of Poles,
• to kill Herman Upitz.

Karolkiewicz and his men, supported by a patrol of the National Armed Forces under Antoni Zdunczyk “Olowek” (seven soldiers) crossed the border on August 14, 1943, at 22:00 hours. The date of the attack - August 15, was chosen deliberately, as this is the official day of the Polish Army, to commemorate the Miracle at the Vistula.

After reaching Mittenheide, the Poles split into five groups and cut off telephone lines. The attack began before midnight on the solitary Forester's house of Herbert Opitz. Opitz, the Forester of Mittenheide, his wife, 6-year-old daughter and 2-year-old son were killed[9]. The Partisans captured several weapons inside the Forester's Office, a car and a motorcycle.[9] Then they entered the village to attack the Police station, facing tough resistance from the Germans. Within around two hours, some 40 German households were destroyed, 69 civilians and 3 policemen, as well as Upitz, were killed.[6]

In contradiction to these numbers, an eyewitness, Irma Bartlick, reports that apart from the Opitz family, 7 additional persons were immediately killed and 4 wounded, of which 2 died later on. In total 13 people lost their lives.[9] Some of the victims were killed by the OST-Arbeiters, who used the raid to take their revenge.[4] The Poles deliberately spared the house of Hildegard Cramer von Laue, a widow, whose husband, an officer of the Wehrmacht, died on the Eastern Front. She was known for her humane attitude towards the Poles and Karolkiewicz himself talked to her that night, explaining the reasons for the attack.[4] The raid ended at 2 a.m., after Karolkiewicz fired a green flare. The Poles escaped to the nearby Pisz Wilderness, together with their booty - a submachine gun, 30 carbines, 14 pistols, a large quantity of ammunition as well as uniforms and boots. Parts of the equipment was later handed to the local units of the Home Army and the National Armed Forces. Also, together with Karolkiewicz's men, five OST-Arbeiters fled - four Poles and one Lithuanian. Polish losses were minimal.[4]

This raid was a shock to the local community. Its echoes reached Berlin and Heinrich Himmler himself was vividly interested in the investigation, which was carried out by the police authorities from Allenstein. However, nobody was caught and the unit, after hiding for three days in the forest, left East Prussia, heading towards Nowogrodek. On May 3, 2006 Stanislaw Karolkiewicz was promoted to Brigade General, by President Lech Kaczyński.[11]

• Polish contribution to World War II