Rectangle packing

In this variant, there are multiple instances of a single rectangle of size (l,w), and a bigger rectangle of size (L,W). The goal is to pack as many small rectangles as possible into the big rectangle. It is allowed to rotate some of the small rectangles by multiples of 90°.

This problem has some such as loading of boxes on pallets and, specifically, woodpulp stowage. As an example result: it is possible to pack 147 small rectangles of size (137,95) in a big rectangle of size (1600,1230).[1]

Given a rectilinear polygon R in the plane, a set S of points in R, and a set of identical squares, the goal is to find the largest number of non-overlapping squares that can be packed in points of S.

Suppose that, for each point p in S, we put a square centered at p. Let G_S be the intersection graph of these squares. A square-packing is equivalent to an independent set in G_S. Finding a largest square-packing is NP-hard; one may prove this by reducing from 3SAT.[2]

In this variant, the small rectangles can have varying lengths and widths, and they should be packed in a given large rectangle. The decision problem of whether such a packing exists is NP-hard. This can be proved by a reduction from 3-partition. Given an instance of 3-partition with 3m positive integers: a₁, ..., a_3m, with a total sum of m T, we construct 3m small rectangles, all with a width of 1, such that the length of rectangle i is a_i + m. The big rectangle has width m and length T + 3m. Every solution to the 3-partition instance induces a packing of the rectangles into m subsets such that the total length in each subset is exactly T, so they exactly fit into the big rectangle. Conversely, in any packing of the big rectangle, there must be no "holes", so the rectangles must not be rotated. Therefore, the packing must involve exactly m rows where each row contains rectangles with a total length of exactly T. This corresponds to a solution of the 3-partition instance.[3][4]

When there is an additional restriction that the packing must be exact (with no wasted space), the small rectangles may be rotated only by multiples of 90°. In this case, the problem is in NP. Without this requirement, the small rectangles may be rotated in arbitrary angles. In this more general case, it is not clear if the problem is in NP, since it is much harder to verify a solution.[4]

In this variant, the small rectangles can have varying lengths and widths, and their orientation is fixed (they cannot be rotated). The goal is to pack them in an enclosing rectangle of minimum area, with no boundaries on the enclosing rectangle's width or height. This problem has an important application in combining images into a single larger image. A web page that loads a single larger image often renders faster in the browser than the same page loading multiple small images, due to the overhead involved in requesting each image from the web server. The problem is NP-complete in general, but there are fast algorithms for solving small instances.[5][6]

• Guillotine cutting is a problem closely related to rectangle packing, in which there is an additional constraint on the packing, that it should be possible to separate the rectangles using only guillotine cuts.
• Square packing in a square
• De Bruijn's theorem