Renaissance architecture of Toulouse

Fearing an invasion of Languedoc by the Spanish army of Charles V who was maneuvering in the Pyrenees, and concerned to protect their powder reserve and their precious archives, the capitouls built between 1525 and 1530 a tower then called "Archive tower", which is now called "the Keep" (le Donjon in French) for its fortified appearance. On the ground floor was the "little Consistory", a prestigious room where the capitouls held their private meetings.[2]

On a façade of this tower, in a stone frame arranged in the manner of an ancient temple whose column capitals implement the superimposition of the Doric and Ionic orders, the capitouls presented themselves as Roman consuls. The Latin inscription engraved in the stone announces: FIEBAT ANNO CHRISTIANAE SALUTIS MDXXV IDIBS NOVEBR NOBILIBUS PREINSIGNITIS CAPITOLINIS DECURIONIBUS, which means "Was made the year of salvation 1525, at the ides of November, by the noble and very distinguished decurions of the Capitol". By posing as "decurions" sitting in a "Capitol", the capitouls of the Renaissance hoped to put forward a historical legitimacy which they claimed dated back to antiquity and exceeded that of the kings of France,[note 2] in the face of a royal administration and a Parliament that tended more and more to limit their prerogatives and the municipal liberties they had conquered.[2]

On the roof of the Archive tower stood between 1550 and 1829 a gilded bronze statue named "Lady Tholose" (Dame Tholose in French), work of the sculptor Jean Rancy and the foundryman Claude Pelhot, and exceptional personification, under the features of the goddess Pallas Athena, of the city and the values which ensured its cohesion around the municipal magistrates.[4] Toulouse took advantage of the presence of its large arsenal to cast this large statue, a first in France outside the king's workshops. No one, not even in Italy, had then ventured to such a dynamic work, encamped on one supporting leg (Giambologna made his Flying Mercury more than fifteen years later). Lady Tholose is also distinguished by the mastery of the wet drapery, the science of gestures, twists and multiple points of vision that Jean Rancy showed early on. The statue held a weather vane in her right hand and leaned with her left hand on a shield with the arms of the city. On the shield were inscribed the letters CPQT MDL, that is to say Capitulum Populusque Tolosanum 1550, the "Capitoulate and the people of Toulouse" which, in the manner of the Roman SPQR, referred to Rome and to the idea of an urban republic, the capitouls boasting of sitting within a Capitol.[2]

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  The Archive tower (1525-1530, except for the roof modified by Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century).
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  Inscriptions in Latin on the tower.
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  Representation of the little Consistory, 16th century vault, 17th century carved decoration.
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  Lady Tholose (1550), once placed at the top of the tower.

The Henri IV courtyard of the Capitol was built between 1602 and 1609 by the architect Pierre Souffron. It is characterised by a brick and stone polychromy, a composition that influenced the later constructions of the municipal palace.[2] The ground floor arcades were built by Dominique Capmartin and Jean Bordes, while upstairs galleries were built to accommodate prestigious rooms, such as the one for the maintainers of the Floral Games, richly decorated with coats of arms and flowers painted by Jean Chalette, embryo of the first Hall of Illustrious Men.[5]

In 1606 the Parliament of Toulouse caused difficulties regarding these works, and the capitouls turned to King Henry IV for authorisation to continue them, which he accepted on condition that his marble statue be built and placed there and that the north gallery be named "Gallery Henry IV, King of France and Navarre".[5]

On the galleries with superimposed orders, the capitouls of 1605 had the city's and the king's arms and coats of arms placed, which had been damaged by the revolutionaries but were restored in 1873. The portal to the west dates from 1576, but it was transformed in 1607, then reworked again in 1676 and enriched with two female figures with lamb and owl representing Pallas / Lady Tholose, works by sculptor Philibert Chaillon.[5]

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  HenrY IV courtyard.
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  Henry IV courtyard, to the east.
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  Henry IV courtyard, arcades.
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  Henry IV courtyard, brick and stone polychromy.
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  Henry IV courtyard, to the west.
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  Henry IV courtyard, western facade (redesigned).
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  Henry IV courtyard, detail of the western portal.
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  Henry IV courtyard, coat of arms of capitouls.
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  Henry IV courtyard, coats of arms under the awning. The geometric motifs evoke the Mudejar style, but also Serlio's engravings.
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  The execution of the Duke of Montmorency in the Henry IV Courtyard in 1632 (19th century illustration).

The triumphal portal of the Henri IV courtyard is a superimposition of various parts successively made by Toulouse Renaissance artists. It was erected on its present site in the early years of the 17th century at the same time as the Henry IV courtyard was built. It is the support of a symbolic language highlighting the greatness of the city and, for its upper part, of the French Crown.

The lower part of the portal was designed by the architect and sculptor Nicolas Bachelier in 1546 on a drawing by Jean Rancy. It originally adorned the vestibule of the Great consistory and represents the goddess Pallas, protector of the city in Roman times. It was a prestigious tutelary figure brought to the fore by the capitouls of the Renaissance. Pallas is here surrounded by two winged women: one carrying a staff with the cross of Toulouse (originally it was an owl, an attribute of Pallas), the other brandishing a laurel wreath and a flowering branch.

The middle part of the portal was sculpted by Geoffroy Jarry in 1561, it shows captive slaves surrounding the coat of arms of Toulouse, to symbolise the power of the city as capital of the province of Languedoc. Beneath the sculptures, an inscription announces in Latin the importance of the place: HIC THEMIS DAT JURA CIVIBUS, APOLLO FLORES CAMŒNIS, MINERVA PALMAS ARTIBUS, "Here Themis gives the law to the citizens, Apollo the flowers to the poets, Minerva the palms to the artists".

The upper part of the portal, decorated with the names and coats of arms of the capitouls of the year, is organised around a marble statue of Henry IV, the work of Thomas Heurtematte (1607). The only statue of the king made during his lifetime, it testifies to the Crown's desire to restore the political image of the King of France in an ultra-Catholic city that a few years earlier had violently opposed his accession to the throne. The king is camped laurelled and in armour to exalt his military power and to pose as a peacemaker and protector of Christendom.[2]

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  The triumphal portal of Henry IV courtyard.
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  Lower part: Pallas surrounded by two winged female figures (1546).
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  Middle part: captive slaves around the coat of arms of Toulouse (1561).
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  Upper part: the statue of Henry IV in marble from the Pyrenees (1607).

As early as 1545, the capitouls undertook major works to restore to working order an ancient Roman aqueduct that led the waters of a high hill to the site of the cathedral. A first public fountain was installed by the sculptor Jean Rancy in 1549, replaced in 1593 by some of the elements of the current fountain: an obelisk in red marble from Cierp (in the Pyrenees), placed on a pedestal dug out of four niches housing bronze children each holding a ewer and urinating like the Manneken-Pis. In 1649, vandalized, they were restored by Pierre Affre who replaced the ewers by snakes. It is only in the 19th century that the children were slightly modified so as not to offend against modesty. Other elements were added or replaced over the centuries (as illustrated by the multiplication of dates on the various parts of the fountain).[2]

Symbol of the capitouls' euergetism, during centuries this fountain was the only one to give water in Toulouse, supplemented by wells (often infected) and water carriers getting their supplies from the Garonne river.[2] The spectacular wear of its stone coping testifies to its prolonged and intensive use.

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  The Griffoul fountain.
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  Detail of the tank and washbasin.
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  Mascaron and small column.
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  Bronze children.

Jean de Bernuy came to Toulouse from Burgos to start trading in woad at the end of the 15th century, and was so successful that in 1502 he launched the first campaign of work on his hotel, leading in particular to the erection of the beautiful Gothic stair tower. In 1530, a second campaign was entrusted to the architect Louis Privat. He abundantly developed the language of the Renaissance in a second courtyard[7] where he succeeded, in the words of the historian Paul Mesplé, "in bringing Spain, Italy and the Loire to life under the Toulouse sky".[8]

The architecture of this stone Renaissance courtyard is dominated by the presence of an extraordinary coffered low vault, a true piece of bravery, whose coffered walls and hanging roses do not follow the curvature of the vault but are strictly vertical, an effect that must have made the stonemason's work considerably more difficult.[7]

Inspired by models from Italy and the Loire Valley, the long candelabra columns omnipresent in the main courtyard are also close to models given in the treatise Las Medidas del Romano by the Spanish architect Diego de Sagredo, published in 1526 (and in 1536 for the French version).[9] They confer an exceptional monumentality to the courtyard, whose upper gallery also presents, for the first time in Toulouse, Corinthian columns whose design is taken from an architectural treatise.[7]

Considered a magnificent example of the introduction of the Renaissance in Toulouse and a symbol of the opulence of the city, this courtyard of the Hôtel de Bernuy has been partially reproduced at the Architecture and Heritage Campus in Paris to illustrate the style of the French First Renaissance.

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  The hôtel de Bernuy.
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  Bernuy: Renaissance courtyard.
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  Bernuy: windows with Corinthian columns.
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  Bernuy: the low vault.
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  Bernuy: the vault coffers.
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  Bernuy: candelabra columns.
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  Bernuy: the gallery above the portal.
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  Bernuy.
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  Bernuy: drawing of the courtyard, 19th century.
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  Bernuy: copy of the courtyard at the Architecture and Heritage Campus in Paris.
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  Portrait of Jean de Bernuy.
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  Gothic tower (1504).

Pierre d'Assézat made his fortune in the woad trade, of which he became one of the main international merchants. Because of its dimensions, its exceptional decoration and its pristine condition, his hotel is mentioned in every overview of the French Renaissance.[7]

It was the stonemason Jean Castagné and the architect Nicolas Bachelier who carried out the first campaign of works in 1555–1557. The layout of the façades, featuring twin columns which develop regularly over three floors where the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders are superimposed, is inspired by great antique models such as the Colosseum, but also by the treatises of the royal architect Serlio. The design of the capitals systematically reproduces the most sophisticated antique expression known.[7]

Interrupted by the death of Bachelier (1556) and then Castagnié (1557), the site was taken over in 1560 by Dominique Bachelier, son of Nicolas. Favouring the aesthetics of Mannerist architecture and the play of polychrome brick and stone, he closed the courtyard by creating the loggia and the passageway. The latter, supported by large, richly decorated consoles, is punctuated by arches decorated with diamond-shaped stone points.[7]

Dominique Bachelier also designed the monumental entrance portal, taken from Serlio's Extraordinary Book. The Doric pilasters decorated with stone diamonds and the delicately decorated Ionic pilasters around the mullioned window give the whole a precious dimension, evoking both power and delicate erudition.[7]

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  Assézat: façade on the street.
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  Assézat: main gate.
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  Assézat: cour d'honneur.
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  Assézat: grand staircase.
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  Assézat: top of the tower.
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  Assézat: entrance door opening onto the staircase.
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  Assézat: classic façade.
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  Assézat: influence of an engraving by Serlio.
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  Assézat: capitals.
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  Assézat: access door to the merchant's office.
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  Assézat: passageway to the merchant's office.
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  Assézat: passageway's arch.
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  Assézat: the passageway and its consoles decorated with ionic pods.
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  Assézat: the loggia.

In 1515 the lawyer and capitoul Béringuier Maynier acquired a 15th century hotel. On a new dwelling framed by two stair towers extended by two short wings (first span of the present wings), he had many windows richly decorated with pilasters, candelabras and scrolls placed. Busts in medallions decorate the large stair tower. In the hotel, a ceremonial fireplace honours the great humanist culture of the owner, its decoration is an apology of fortune, abundance and fertility.[7]

In 1547, the Member of Parliament Jean de Burnet acquired the hotel from Béringuier Maynier. Between 1547 and 1577 he enlarged the courtyard of honour and gave it a square shape with the extension of the wings (beyond the first bay). It is closed by a portico whose Doric columns and alternating brick and stone are inspired by the loggia of Assézat.[7]

Finally, between 1580 and 1591 the bishop Pierre de Lancrau, who became the owner, heightened the great staircase tower and built several windows featuring telamons,[7] although it is difficult to know with certainty which windows are from the second work campaign and which are from the third.

In the courtyard, some of the telamon windows on the first floor could be the work of Nicolas Bachelier, while those on the ground floor would be from the third campaign (end of the 16th century). The telamons and caryatids decorating the windows are remarkable for their diversity and realism, on the ground floor their tense musculatures seem to have difficulty carrying the entablature of the bays, on the ground floor the hybrid figures with lion's paws or pilasters display great anatomical and psychological realism. Other sculpted motifs abound in the frames and refer to the decor of royal buildings such as the Francis I Gallery in Fontainebleau, and are sometimes even inspired by famous works by Benvenuto Cellini and Michelangelo.[7]

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  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
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  Vieux-Raisin.
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  Vieux-Raisin.
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  Vieux-Raisin: great staircase tower.
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  Vieux-Raisin.
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  Vieux-Raisin: second staircase tower.
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  Vieux-Raisin.
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  Vieux-Raisin: window.

In 1538, the architect Nicolas Bachelier and the mason Antoine Lescalle, assisted in the design of the project by the prior of La Réole, Jean Albert, were entrusted with the construction of his hotel by the parliamentarian Jean de Bagis. Classical ideals dictate the symmetry of the façades and the regularity of the square courtyard. The stone bays are of an increasingly complete Doric order throughout the levels, the novelty of which made all the more impression in Toulouse as Jean de Bagis, a member of the King's Grand Council, was one of the most important figures in the city.[7]

At the heart of the dwelling is a straight staircase, one of the first in Toulouse after that of the Hotel d'Ulmo. A portal with splendid telamons marks its entrance, they have long been attributed to Nicolas Bachelier because of their expressiveness and quality of execution, but their dating is still under discussion and still at the heart of current research.[7]

At the beginning of the 17th century, François de Clary, First President of the Parliament, and his wife bought the Hôtel de Bagis, which was then called Hôtel de Clary. The architect Pierre Souffron, assisted by the sculptors Pierre Bouc, Pierre Monge and Thomas Heurtematte, built a stone façade unique in the city during the Renaissance, with a symmetrical composition of eight bays and colossal pilasters. Above the portal, Apollo, Mercury, Juno and Minerva celebrate the couple of owners in a richly sculpted decoration.[7]

This spectacular façade earned the house its nickname of "stone hotel" (hôtel de pierre in French), and its owner the reputation of having misappropriated for his own benefit the stones intended for the construction of the Pont-Neuf, which he supervised.[7]

In the courtyard, complementing the older composition of the Hotel de Bagis, the rich Mannerist ornaments on the east and south façades of the courtyard, with their marble inlays and abundant carved decoration, also date from the early 17th century.[7]

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  The hôtel de Bagis in the courtyard (1538).
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  Gate with telamons.
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  The monumental fireplace.
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  Hôtel de Clary (or hôtel de pierre): façade on the street (1611).
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  Hôtel de Clary: drawing of 1833 showing the state of completion of the façade at that date.
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  Hôtel de Clary.
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  Hôtel de Clary: portals.
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  Hôtel de Clary: Apollo and Mercury above the front door.
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  Hôtel de Clary: façades on courtyard.
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  Clary: courtyard.
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  Clary: courtyard.
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  Clary: courtyard.

See also : List of articles on Renaissance hotels in Toulouse

After a brilliant career in Italy as ambassador from 1515 to 1522, the prelate and humanist Jean de Pins had his hotel built from 1528 to 1530. Composed of two main buildings and superimposed galleries, the hotel of Jean de Pins was inspired by what he had seen in Italy, notably breaking with the Toulouse tradition of the great staircase tower in favour of galleries with arcades and a garden. A precursor to the introduction of the classical orders in France, Jean de Pins had Ionic pilasters carved from the engraving of a treatise by Cesariano (published in Italy in 1521) devoted to the ancient architecture he had probably come across during his stay in Milan. The decoration is enriched with medallion portraits celebrating the human figure and evoking the coins and medals of Roman emperors collected by Renaissance humanists.[7]

Built between 1526 and 1536, the Hôtel d'Ulmo was the first in Toulouse to adopt a straight staircase rather than a spiral staircase. This changed the whole organisation of the house, which was then built around this central axis.[10]

Built in 1540 for the parliamentarian Guillaume de La Mamye, the Hotel de Lamamye was the first in Toulouse to implement the superimposition of the three classical orders: large Doric, Ionic and then Corinthian columns follow one another at each level of the elevation, recalling prestigious Roman monuments such as the Colosseum or the Theater of Marcellus.[7]

Hôtel Molinier was built between 1550 and 1556 by the parliamentarian Gaspard Molinier. It is particularly noteworthy for its Mannerist portal of 1556 designed after a model from Serlio's Extraordinary Book of 1551, which testifies to the speed with which prestigious models could be adapted to Toulouse. This monumental gate is surmounted with numerous sculptures, including monstruous beings and marble inlays. This ensemble corresponds to the then-new style known today as mannerism, whose principal traits are an abundance of sculpted figures, the depiction of a fantastic bestiary, and a marked taste for relief and polychromatic interplays. The taste for marble inlays in architecture would endure until the start of the following century. The quarries of the Pyrenees were the source of this precious material which, from Toulouse, was sent to royal building projects, such as the Louvre. The sculptor drew inspiration from the engravings of Marcantonio Raimondi and the works of the royal architect Sebastiano Serlio.[7]

In total, more than twenty Renaissance hotels (or significant remains of hotels) have survived to the present day, testifying to the taste of the Toulouse elites of the 16th and early 17th centuries for Renaissance architecture.

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  Hôtel de Pins and its Renaissance arcades (1530, then 1545).
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  Hôtel de Pins: arcades, medallions and capitals.
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  Hôtel de Montval: arcades and medallions from the Hotel de Pins (1545).
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  Hôtel de Montval, with medallions by Nicolas Bachelier.
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  Hôtel d'Ulmo (1526-1536): first appearance of a straight staircase in Toulouse.
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  Hôtel Dahus-Tournoer (staircase tower from 1532).
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  Hôtel Dahus-Tournoer.
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  Hôtel Dahus-Tournoer: sculpted decoration with a funerary urn evoking the death of the owner's son.
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  Hôtel Boysson-Cheverry (1535-1540).
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  Hôtel Boysson-Cheverry.
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  Hôtel de Lamamye (1540): first façade in Toulouse with the three classical orders superimposed.
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  Hôtel de Lamamye: arcades and galleries.
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  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy (1540-1544).
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  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy: the staircase tower disappears in favour of a straight staircase announced by a monumental doorway.
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  Hôtel de Brucelles (1544): large staircase tower with windows decorated with carved busts.
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  Hôtel de Brucelles.
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  Hôtel de Mansencal (1540-1560).
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  Hôtel de Mansencal: rear façade.
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  Hôtel de Mansencal:windows of the rear facade.
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  The house of physician and doctor Auger Ferrier, courtyard (1553).
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  House of Auger Ferrier, windows.
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  Hôtel de Molinier (1552-1156).
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  Hôtel de Molinier: sculpted decoration enriched with marble from the Pyrenees.
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  Hôtel de Molinier: sculpted decoration in the courtyard.
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  Hôtel de Molinier: monumental fireplace.
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  Windows in the courtyard of hôtel Delpech (1554-1560).
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  Hôtel d'Astorg (1568).
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  Hôtel d'Astorg: Renaissance windows in the courtyard.
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  Hôtel d'Astorg: suspended wooden staircase in the courtyard.
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  Hôtel de Massas (last quarter of the 16th century).
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  Hôtel Dumay (between 1580 and 1600).
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  Hôtel Dumay: courtyard.
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  Hôtel de Lestang (late 16th or early 17th century).
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  Hôtel de Lestang: staircase.
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  Hôtel Potier-Laterrasse (late 16th or early 17th century).
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  Hôtel Lagorrée (late 16th and early 17th century).

Preferred communication media for private or institutional owners who wished to display their importance, doors and portals were generally the object of all decorative care. The great diversity of Renaissance doors and portals in Toulouse reveals a multitude of sources and influences testifying to more than a century of Renaissance architecture.

Among the first doors of the Toulouse Renaissance, the door of the stair tower of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (1515–1525) displays the profiles of the owner and his wife, represented in a medallion, and is enriched with a Latin motto within a décor of putti and scrolls. The decoration on the door of the Tournoer Tower (1532) depicts a funerary urn framed by two lions facing each other, in memory of the owner's son who died shortly before.

The portal of the Dalbade church was made by the stonemason Michel Colin. For the lower part (1537–1539) he was inspired by the Loire Valley, but the construction took place at a pivotal time when the style of the French First Renaissance faded in the face of architectural orders. Also for the upper part, built from 1540 onwards, classical columns and capitals replaced the composite and figured capitals or the scrolls, giving the portal a more monumental style.

The portal of the former Esquile College is the work of Nicolas Bachelier (1556). It celebrates the refoundation of this former medieval college, which in 1550 absorbed eight old colleges. The rustic vermiculated bossing evokes solidity and venerable antiquity. Inspired by compositions from Serlio's Extraordinary Book, it features various emblems hammered at the time of the Revolution.

The portal of the Hotel Molinier (1556) was inspired by an engraving of Sebastiano Serlio's Extraordinary Book, published in Lyon only five years earlier. This shows how quickly the new prestigious models were adapted to Toulouse during the Renaissance.

The door of the stair tower of the Hotel d'Assézat (1555–1557 or/and after 1560) was the main entrance to the hotel. Flanked by large Doric columns which ensure continuity with the classical facades surrounding it, it is decorated with two twisted columns which are perhaps a reference to King Charles IX, whose symbol was two intertwined columns.

The large portal of the Hôtel d'Assézat (1560–1562), a mixture of power and delicate erudition, is the work of Dominique Bachelier, son of the famous Nicolas Bachelier, author of the classical facades of the courtyard of this same hotel a few years earlier. The Doric pilasters that frame the door offer an alternating succession of diamond points, giving the whole a precious dimension.

Dating from 1604 or 1605, the large portal of the Jesuit college was admired by Rodin, who drew it several times. The decoration carved in stone bore the coats of arms of the eight capitouls of the year as well as the double coats of arms of France-Navarre on the left and Toulouse-Languedoc on the right, although only four of the capitouls' coats of arms are still clearly visible.

The portal of the Hôtel de Clary, or “stone hotel” (1610–1616), is only double in appearance: the door on the right is a false door created solely for reasons of symmetry. Above the doors, Mercury and Apollo on the left, Juno and Minerva on the right, celebrate the owners in a richly carved mannerist decoration.

Built from 1617 onwards, the Hôtel de Chalvet is representative of a change of style which was to leave its mark on the architecture of 17th century Toulouse: the sculpted decoration is abandoned in favour of austerity only brightened up on the openings by alternating brick and stone. Only its portal with bosses is still inspired by Renaissance references, and it was one of the last to do so with the spectacular portal of the Hôtel Desplats (around 1620–1622).

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  The south door of the crypt of the Saint-Sernin basilica was the first manifestation of Renaissance architecture in Toulouse in 1515.
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  Door of the stair tower of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (between 1515 and 1525).
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  Doors on the ground floor of the stair tower of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (between 1515 and 1525).
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  Doors on the first floor of the stair tower of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (between 1515 and 1525).
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  Tower door of the Hôtel Delpech.
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  Tournoer tower gate (1532).
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  The portal of the Hôtel de Bernuy is mainly Flamboyant Gothic (1504) but also partially Renaissance (1530-1536).
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  Remains of an enclosure that surrounded Saint-Sernin: a portal from the 1530s.
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  This portal with the superb telamons in the courtyard of the Hôtel de Bagis, or “stone hotel”, is uncertainly attributed either to Nicolas Bachelier (1538) or to Pierre Souffron's workshop (around 1611).
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  Portal of the Dalbade Church (1537-1540, except for the 19th century tympanum, reproduction of the Coronation of the Virgin by Fra Angelico).
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  Portal in the courtyard of the Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy (1540-1544, Nicolas Bachelier).
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  Door of the stair tower of the Hôtel de Brucelles (1544).
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  Gate in the courtyard of Hôtel de Catel.
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  Entrance portal of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (from 1547), with a beautiful frieze of metopes.
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  Door under the portico of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
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  Door under the portico of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
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  This door of the former Capitol was built in 1553 by Guiraud Mellot at the request of the capitouls, it was the entrance to the Hall of the Grand Consistory of the Capitol. Today it can be seen in the Louvre Museum in Paris.
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  These carved wooden leaves accompanied the door of the Grand Consistory (1553) and can be seen in the Paul Dupuy Museum.
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  The triumphal portal of the Henri IV court of the Capitol (dates of construction of its three parts: 1546, 1561 and 1607).
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  The portal of the former Esquile college is the work of Nicolas Bachelier (1556).
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  Portal of the Hôtel Molinier (or Hôtel de Felzins), 1556.
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  The portal of the Hôtel Molinier is inspired by an engraving from Sebastiano Serlio's Extraordinary Book.
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  Small door to the Hôtel Molinier.
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  Door of the Hôtel d'Aymès (second half of the 16th century).
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  The door of the stair tower of the Hôtel d'Assézat (1555-1557 or/and after 1560).
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  This door allowed access to Pierre d'Assézat's office, via the passageway.
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  This small door opening under the stairs of the loggia of the Hôtel d'Assézat leads to the semi-buried cellars.
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  The large portal of the Hôtel d'Assézat is the work of Dominique Bachelier (1560-1562).
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  It is the delicate door 5 of Serlio's Extraordinary Book that gave the general design of the portal of the Hôtel d'Assézat.
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  This door of the former Capitol, known as the Gate of the Commutation (1575, Jean Aleman), has been reassembled in the Jardin des Plantes.
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  The door of the Commutation of the former Capitol is inspired by a rustic door from the Extraordinary Book by Sebastiano Serlio.
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  Gate in the courtyard of the Hôtel de Massas (or Hôtel d'Aldéguier), last quarter of the 16th century.
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  This door in the courtyard of the Hôtel de Massas is actually a window from the last quarter of the 16th century transformed into a door in the 19th century.
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  Door of the Hôtel Dumay.
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  Door of the former Hôtel de Vesa (last quarter of the 16th century?), destroyed during the creation of Ozenne street.
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  Portals of the Hôtel de Lagorrée. The one on the right is dated from the end of the 16th century, the one on the left from the beginning of the 17th century.
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  Portal of the Hôtel de Lestang, late 16th/early 17th century.
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  Door of the Hôtel Potier-Laterrasse, late 16th or early 17th century.
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  Large portal of the former Jesuit college (1604 or 1605).
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  Corner door of the Baderon-Maussac tower (from 1606).
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  The portal of the Hôtel de Clary (1610-1616).
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  Door to Saint Stephen's Cathedral (1613-1614).
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  The portal of Saint-Pierre des Chartreux church was built in 1613 by Antoine Bachelier, one of the sons of the famous architect and sculptor Nicolas Bachelier.
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  The portal of the Hôtel de Chalvet (1617), a transition between Renaissance references and the alternating brick and stone of 17th century Toulouse.
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  Door of the Hôtel de Jossé-Lauvreins, late 16th or early 17th century.
• 
  Little door of the Hôtel de Jossé-Lauvreins, late 16th or early 17th century.
• 
  In a style of transition between the late Renaissance and the Baroque, this superb portal, now reassembled in a courtyard, was the monumental entrance to the hotel of Jean-Pierre Desplats, president at the Parliament between 1620 and 1622.
• 
  The stone and marble canopy of the Hotel d'Ulmo dates from the 17th century, however it could be a copy of a 16th century canopy once located in the courtyard of the Toulouse Parliament.

Together with the gate, the most obvious sign of an owner's social status was the carved window. The use of stone on a brick background highlights these openings, which, as in Italy, constitute isolated motifs. The break with the flamboyant Gothic style was expressed by the term "à l'antique" (meaning in the antique-like style) used in the construction contracts, but this formulation actually covered a wide range of solutions that were constantly evolving.[10]

The ornamental vocabulary of the first Renaissance (scrolls, medallions, putti) was replaced in 1538 by the "fenestre à l'antique" (antique window) installed by the architect and stonemason Nicolas Bachelier at the Hôtel de Bagis. On this occasion, Bachelier proceeded to a progressive representation of the Doric order, increasingly complete throughout the levels, making each window a miniature temple in the ancient style. Modernizing the window with superimposed columns from Italy, he took over the position of the quarter candelabra in the windows of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin by inserting a quarter Doric column in the spandrel. Rather than superimpose two small columns, Bachelier preferred to use the height of the bay to present a complete Doric order by placing a triglyph of elongated proportions on the small column, thus giving the opening, topped by an imposing cornice, a greater monumentality.[2]

This formula of the "antique window" developed by Bachelier at the Hôtel de Bagis was taken up by himself in 1540-1544 at the Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy. The use of tables furnished with Mannerist decorations inspired by the School of Fontainebleau adds sophistication to the framing.[7]

This model was once again taken up on the windows that in 1546 Jean Cheverry had built on the new buildings of the 15th century Hôtel de Boysson, with Doric or Ionic columns. Cheverry also modernised the appearance of the medieval staircase tower by inserting a window on the first floor decorated with terms, half man, half column, taken from ancient architecture. Above these, pilasters feature an engraving by Serlio inspired by a pulpit in the Roman Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran.[7]

This desire to imitate the windows of a great parliamentarian can be seen as a strategy for appropriating the taste of the city's most important figures (Jean de Bagis was also a member of the King's Great Council), appreciated by the merchants in full social ascent and in search of recognition.

Responding to a logic of honorary re-appropriation, this type of imitation was practised throughout the century. The merchant Jean Astorg proceeded in this way when, around 1562, in order to decorate the windows of his new building at the back of the courtyard, he had the windows of his neighbour, Pierre Delpech (1554–1560), an influential member of the Catholic League particularly involved in the fight against the Protestants, imitated. These windows have a frame known in French as a "chambranle à crossettes", supported by four short pilaster. These do not play a supporting role, but rather appear suspended and dependent on the frame they are supposed to support.[7]

Some of the windows of the Hôtel de Massas (or Hôtel d'Aldéguier) were designed based on the engraved models of the Extraordinary Book by the royal architect Sebastiano Serlio. An edition of this book, kept in Paris, contains a sheet of drawings by the architect of the Hôtel de Massas. They detail the designer's reflections on the profiles of the courtyard windows and their decoration based on the models engraved by Serlio. They are most certainly the work of Nicolas Bachelier's son, Dominique, who was one of the great builders of the second half of the 16th century.[7] This sheet of sketches tells us about the taste and preferences of an architect for the extraordinary shapes he creates, mixes and combines to his liking. It is the oldest surviving record of the graphic invention of a French architect-artist.[2]

The windows of the house of Élie Géraud, master goldsmith, are more modest as they are made of wood and placed on a half-timbered house. They reflect the desire to imitate the stone framed windows of hôtels particuliers.

The astonishing stylistic diversity of Toulouse's Renaissance windows reveals both the influence of numerous prestigious formal sources and the abundant creativity of the architects in adapting them. They are presented below in an approximate chronological order, as far as possible.

• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (rear façade).
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (rear façade).
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (rear façade).
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (destroyed façade).
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel de Tournoer.
• 
  Hôtel de Tournoer.
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy.
• 
  Hôtel de Bagis, ground floor.
• 
  Hôtel de Bagis, first floor.
• 
  Hôtel de Bagis, second floor.
• 
  Hôtel d'Astorg (street).
• 
  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy.
• 
  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy (aka Hôtel de Buet).
• 
  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy.
• 
  Hôtel de Brucelles (tower).
• 
  Hôtel de Brucelles.
• 
  Hôtel de Brucelles.
• 
  Hôtel Hébrard.
• 
  Hôtel d'Avizard.
• 
  Hôtel Boysson-Cheverry.
• 
  Hôtel Boysson-Cheverry (tower).
• 
  Part of the decoration of the previous window is derived from an illustration by Serlio.
• 
  Hôtel Boysson-Cheverry (walled).
• 
  Hôtel de Lamamye.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel de Mansencal, ground floor.
• 
  Hôtel de Mansencal, first floor.
• 
  Hôtel de Mansencal, second floor.
• 
  Hôtel de Mansencal (courtyard).
• 
  Hôtel de Mansencal (tower).
• 
  House of Auger Ferrier, with representation of Amerindian heads.
• 
  House of Auger Ferrier.
• 
  Hôtel Molinier (aka Hôtel de Felzins).
• 
  Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat, serlian window.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat (merchant's office on the courtyard).
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat (merchant's office on the street).
• 
  Hôtel Delpech, with Latin quotations from the Bible.
• 
  Hôtel d'Astorg (courtyard).
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel Dumay.
• 
  Hôtel Dumay.
• 
  Maison d'Élie Géraud (wooden).
• 
  Maison d'Élie Géraud (wooden).
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel de Lestang.
• 
  Hôtel de Lestang.
• 
  Hôtel Potier-Laterrasse.
• 
  Henry IV courtyard of the Capitole.
• 
  Tour Baderon-Maussac (corner window).
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.

Several owners have decorated their newly built Renaissance hotel with Latin motto. For example, in Hôtel de Bernuy SI DEUS PRO NOBIS (the beginning of a phrase from the Bible meaning "If God be for us, who can be against us?"), at the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin VIVITUR INGENIO CAETERA MORTIS ERUNT ("Genius lives on, all else is mortal"), at the Hôtel d'Aymès NE TE QUAESIVERIS EXTRA ("Do not seek outside yourself"), at the Hôtel Dumay TEMPORE ET DILIGENTIA ("By time and industry"), at the Hôtel d'Ulmo DURUM PACIENTIA FRANGO ("By patience I break what is hard"), at the Hôtel Dahus-Tournoer ESTO MICHI DOMINE TURRIS FORTITUDINIS A FACIE INIMICI ("Be for me, Lord, a tower of strength against the enemy"), at the Hôtel Molinier SUSTINE, ABSTINE ("Bear, and forbear"). In the courtyard of the Hôtel Delpech, eight windows built between 1554 and 1560 bear Latin inscriptions taken from the Bible, the most legible of which reads as follows: QUI TIMENT DOMINUM NON ERUNT INCREDIBILES VERBO ILLIUS ("They that fear the Lord will not be incredulous to his word").

• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin: VIVITUR INGENIO CETERA MORTIS ERUNT
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy: SI DEUS PRO NOBIS
• 
  Hôtel d'Ulmo: DURUM PACIENTIA FRANGO
• 
  Hôtel de Tournoer: ESTO MICHI DOMINE TURRIS FORTITUDINIS A FACIE INIMICI
• 
  Hôtel d'Aymès: NE TE QUAESIVERIS EXTRA
• 
  Hôtel Molinier: SUSTINE, ABSTINE
• 
  Hôtel Dumay: TEMPORE ET DILIGENTIA
• 
  Hôtel Delpech: QUI TIMENT DOMINUM NON ERUNT INCREDIBILES VERBO ILLIUS

Pilasters, candelabra, scrolls, grotesques, horns of plenty and other designs from Italy first replaced the Gothic decorations. Certain figures crossed the century: the putti (cherubs) can be found in the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (1520s), the Hôtel de Bernuy and the Hôtel de Tournoer (1530s), the Hôtel de Molinier (1552) and the Hôtel de Clary (around 1610); the same goes for the lion mufles used as gargoyles, inspired by those of ancient temples such as the Maison Carrée in Nîmes.

• 
  Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Vieux-Raisin: cherubs (putti).
• 
  Tournoer.
• 
  Tournoer: putto.
• 
  Tournoer: putto.
• 
  Tournoer: putto and garland.
• 
  Bernuy: capital.
• 
  Bernuy: Candelabra columns.
• 
  Bernuy: putti.
• 
  Bernuy: putto, olives.
• 
  Bernuy: scrolls, horns of plenty.
• 
  Bernuy: carved base.
• 
  Bernuy: ram's heads and garlands.
• 
  Bernuy: lion mask, ribbons.
• 
  Assézat: carved lintel with horns of plenty.
• 
  Molinier: putti and garland of plenty.
• 
  Clary: putto and garland.
• 
  Pins: lion mufles once used as a gargoyle.
• 
  Pins: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Thomas de Montval: lion mufles / gargoyle (provenance: hôtel de Pins).
• 
  Thomas de Montval: lion mufles / gargoyle (provenance: hôtel de Pins).
• 
  Tiffy: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Tiffy: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Assézat: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Assézat: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Assézat: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Clary: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Clary: lion mufles / gargoyle.
• 
  Clary: lion mufles / gargoyle.

In a 16th century marked by humanism and antiquarian culture, the owners did not hesitate to be represented as Roman emperors in medallions carved in stone, evocative of the ancient coins and medals collected by humanists. The Toulouse prelate and humanist Jean de Pins, ambassador to Milan, Venice and Rome, played a major role in the introduction of Italian models in Toulouse by having the courtyard of his hotel decorated around 1528 with heads sculpted in medallions. The next owner of this same Hôtel de Pins had other medallions made in 1545, attributed to Nicolas Bachelier, six of which were reused in the courtyard of the Hôtel Thomas de Montval. Their framing composed of a vegetal crown, referred to as "triumphal garland" in surviving documents, refers to the Roman triumphs (laurel) but also to the arms of the merchant of the 16th century. The manner of Nicolas Bachelier is distinguished in the treatment of the very prominent eyebrow arches and the very often thick lips of his characters.[7]

After 1540 an evolution led to unframed busts, as on the tower of the Hôtel de Brucelles built in 1544. This type of decoration then became rarer, replaced in the middle of the 16th century by the Classical orders.[11]

• 
  Hôtel du Vieux Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel de Pins.
• 
  Hôtel de Pins.
• 
  Hôtel de Pins.
• 
  Hôtel de Pins.
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (gate, Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (gate, Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (gate, Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel de Bernuy (gate, Louis Privat).
• 
  Chapel of the Consistories (destroyed, Louis Privat).
• 
  Chapel of the Consistories (destroyed, Louis Privat).
• 
  Hôtel d'Ulmo.
• 
  Hôtel d'Ulmo.
• 
  Hôtel de Pins (Nicolas Bachelier?).
• 
  Hôtel Thomas de Montval (provenance: hôtel de Pins - Nicolas Bachelier).
• 
  Hôtel Thomas de Montval (provenance: hôtel de Pins - Nicolas Bachelier).
• 
  Hôtel Thomas de Montval (provenance: hôtel de Pins - Nicolas Bachelier).
• 
  Hôtel Thomas de Montval (provenance: hôtel de Pins - Nicolas Bachelier).
• 
  Hôtel Thomas de Montval (provenance: hôtel de Pins - Nicolas Bachelier).
• 
  Hôtel Thomas de Montval (provenance: hôtel de Pins - Nicolas Bachelier).
• 
  Bust at the Hôtel de Brucelles.
• 
  Bust at the Hôtel Pierre de Saint-Etienne (reuse of a previous Renaissance building).
• 
  Bust at the Hôtel Pierre de Saint-Etienne (reuse of a previous Renaissance building).

Although several ornaments considered to be in the antique style (scrolls, candelabra, putti, medallions) were a great success as early as 1520, capitals referring directly to Classical orders, taken from book quotations, were carved in the 1530s.

The Ionic order of the gallery of the Hôtel de Pins, built around 1530, is thus taken from the edition of the Treatise of Vitruvius published by Cesariano in 1521. This early manifestation of Vitruvian architecture must be credited to the commissioner, who had a brilliant diplomatic career in Milan at the time Cesariano was working on its edition.[2] The Corinthian order first appeared in Toulouse on the windows of the courtyard of the Hôtel de Bernuy (1530–1536), while the Doric order appeared on the windows of the Hôtel de Bagis (1538).

The Hôtel de Lamamye is the first manifestation in Toulouse (around 1540) of the elevation of the three superimposed ancient orders: Doric on the lower floor, Ionic in the middle, and Corinthian on the upper floor.

At the Hôtel d'Assézat (1555–1556), the superimposition of orders over the entire height of the elevation and the presence of an attic evokes the model of the Colosseum, which was distributed through Serlio. The original use of twin columns in the city is in keeping with the search for an "enrichment" aesthetic that follows the ancient model, while echoing the mid-century architecture of the kingdom's greats. As the careful treatment of the shafts and capitals underlines, the most sophisticated antique expression systematically nourished the sculptor's invention. Doric is, for example, through Serlio or Labacco, an allusion to his most ornate known version, that of the Basilica Aemilia.[2]

• 
  Relationship between a drawing by Cesariano of 1521 and the Ionic capitals of the Hôtel de Pins (circa 1530).
• 
  Ionic capital at the Hôtel de Pins.
• 
  Corinthian column at the Hôtel de Bernuy.
• 
  Doric capital at the Hôtel de Lamamye.
• 
  Ionic capital at the Hôtel de Lamamye.
• 
  Corinthian capital at the Hôtel de Lamamye.
• 
  Doric capital at the Hôtel Guillaume de Bernuy (aka Hôtel de Buet).
• 
  Doric capitals at the Hôtel Guillaume de Bernuy.
• 
  Doric capital at the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Fluted and rudented columns at the hotel d'Assézat.
• 
  Doric capitals at the Hôtel d'Assézat.
• 
  Ionic capitals at the Hôtel d'Assézat.
• 
  Corinthian capitals at the Hôtel d'Assézat.
• 
  Capital on twisted column at the hotel d'Assézat.
• 
  Corinthian capitals at the Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Acanthus leaves at the Hotel Molinier.
• 
  Doric capital at the Hôtel Potier-Laterrasse.
• 
  Ionic capital at the Hôtel Potier-Laterrasse.
• 
  The Clary's eagle mingles with acanthus leaves on this capital of the Hôtel de Clary (aka stone hotel).

After 1540, Renaissance door and window frames were often the expression of the Caryatid order, an evolution of the classical style. These anthropomorphic supports, in terms (armless and sheathed) or in the form of telamons and caryatids (carrying a load or an entablature with their arms, often also sheathed), were spectacularly realised in Toulouse. Inspired by the stuccoes of the royal castles of Madrid and Fontainebleau and by architectural treatises such as those of Philibert Delorme, Jacques Androuet du Cerceau and Marcantonio Raimondi, they were used for several decades.[2]

The sculptors of Toulouse adopted conventions that made it difficult to attribute authorship of the works: hairstyles and faces of Venus for women, beard and frowning eyebrows for men. These works are inspired by Michelangelo's terribilità but also by a literary and erudite knowledge of the chryselephantine Zeus of Olympia to which the sculptor Phidias had given tenebrous eyebrows taken from the verses of Homer.[2] For this reason, many of these works were later attributed to the architect and sculptor Nicolas Bachelier, who, according to legend (certainly unfounded), was a pupil of the great Michelangelo. These uncertain attributions have posed and continue to pose difficulties in dating the works. Thus historians disagree on the age of the most emblematic portal of this type: that of the courtyard of the Hôtel de Bagis (or Hôtel de Pierre) with its famous telamons. Dated 1538 and attributed to Nicolas Bachelier in the case of some, it is thought to date from the early 17th century and from the workshop of Pierre Souffron in the case of others.[12][13] The same doubt hangs over the spectacular windows of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin: do they date from the owner Jean Burnet (from 1547), clerk at the Parliament of Toulouse, or from the Bishop of Lombez Pierre de Lancrau, which would rather date them from 1580 to 1584?

This interest of the Toulouse Renaissance for telamons and caryatids takes its full magnitude on the windows of the Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin (2nd and 3rd building campaigns). Some telamons equipped with cushions to support their load refer to the myth of the Garden of the Hesperides and to the moment when Heracles cunningly asked Atlas to take up his burden (to support the weight of the sky) for a moment, the time for him to find a cushion for his shoulders. Other characters are human for the upper part of the body while the lower part is totally animal, inspired by the stucco decorations in the King's Gallery at the Château de Fontainebleau. Finally, on some of these telamons and caryatids, heads are represented at the crotch: a grimacing mask for the men, a child's head for the women, between fertility and sexual passions.[14]

• 
  Hôtel de Bagis.
• 
  Hôtel de Bagis.
• 
  Hôtel de Bagis.
• 
  Former Hôtel du Faur de Saint-Jory.
• 
  Hôtel Boysson-Cheverry.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  This engraving by Veneziano, a pupil of Raimondi, inspired the terms of the Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat (staircase).
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel Dumay.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Church of Saint-Pierre des Chartreux.

Mannerist aesthetics, based on the unusual and the association of opposites, where the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms merge, uses refined motifs, polychromy (brick and stone) and ornaments (cabochons, diamond points, masks) evoking luxury, surprise and abundance.[7]

Influenced by the art of Fontainebleau, the Toulouse Mannerist decorations are inspired by the stuccoes of Rosso and the paintings of Primaticcio.[10] This particularly ornate and exuberant art seduced clients as much as the classical orders and was, at the time, considered to be just as classical.[2]

• 
  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy: masks.
• 
  Hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy: masks.
• 
  Masks.
• 
  House of Auger Ferrier.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat: masks.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat: masks.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat: head of Amerindian.
• 
  Hôtel d'Assézat: frieze of metopes.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin: frieze of metopes.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.
• 
  Hôtel Molinier.
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel de Massas.
• 
  Hôtel Dumay.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary: Juno and Minerva.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.
• 
  Hôtel de Clary.