Ridgeway Site

Located between the villages of Ridgeway and Mount Victory in southeastern Hardin County's Hale Township, it consisted of a large kame of gravel that had been deposited by glaciers. In the first years of white settlement of Ohio, the kame was not widely known to be an archaeological site; locals found artifacts and skeletons there, but news of its existence first reached a wider audience in 1856. In that year, the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad began constructing a rail line between Mount Victory and Ridgeway. Because the railroad needed significant amounts of gravel for track ballast purposes, a small spur line was built from the main line to the base of the hill, enabling workers to shovel gravel into rail cars that were then taken to the construction zone.[1]^:128 Prior to their excavations, it appeared to be a simple hill, about 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) in area and covered with an apple orchard; before the apple trees were planted, it had been the site of an unusually dense and lush woodland.[2]^:13

As digging at the Richardson Kame continued, workers began to find significant numbers of skeletons; by the time that the quarrying process was complete, hundreds of buried bodies had been discovered. The exact number of burials is uncertain; one source records 380 bodies,[3] while lead excavator John Matson recorded 308,[2]^:17 and he estimated that the remains of as many as four or five hundred individuals had been interred at the site.[1]^:128 These bodies were buried in a range of positions and conditions; some bodies were face-down and others were flexed in other ways, and evidence of cremation was also present.[4] More than fifty of the skeletons were shown to have been the bodies of children under the age of eight years,[1]^:128 including one unborn child inside the ribs of its mother.[2]^:14 Conversely, at least seven bodies showed pronounced ossification in the cartilage of their tracheas; Matson believed this to be a sign of extreme age,[2]^:16 and recent research shows that this process is often correlated with advancing age.[5]^:168 Not all of the bones were present as complete skeletons; some bodies had plainly been beheaded, and one of the burial pits yielded a pile of twenty-seven skulls.[1]^:128 Moreover, the bodies did not appear to have been buried soon after death; the positions in which the bones were found convinced Matson that they had been buried after the flesh was no longer present.[2]^:16 Besides human bodies, findings in the kame included the bodies of dogs next to human skeletons, plus beads of copper and shells, other copper tools, various stone tools, and sandal-sole-shaped shell gorgets.[4] The most important of these artifacts included a bird stone, awls made from the bones of deer, a string of shell beads 90 feet (27 m) long that had been wrapped multiple times around a group of bodies,[1]^:128 and groups of rattlesnake rattles that were not included in Matson's report.[1]^:129

Throughout the excavation, Matson was careful to record the findings at the site, and he published his conclusions after the excavation was concluded. Because little was known in the mid-19th century about Ohio's prehistoric inhabitants, he was unable to identify the cultural affinity of the people buried at the Ridgeway Site: they were plainly not part of any people that had previously been recorded. As a result, his conclusions were limited to the observation that the Ridgeway people were able to trade with peoples who lived around sources of shells and copper.[1]^:128 In the 1880s, the site was seen as an extreme example of a site of the Mound Builders,[6] but since that time, the Ridgeway Site has been identified as the type site of the Glacial Kame Culture,[1]^:128 which was prominent throughout the Great Lakes region during the later portion of the Archaic period. Today, Hardin County and the adjacent Logan County are regarded as the heartland of the Glacial Kame people, and the Ridgeway and Zimmerman sites in southern Hardin County are among the most significant sites ever found of that people.[1]^:110 Many known Glacial Kame sites are of relatively little archaeological value, as they are frequently discovered only after modern excavation machinery has destroyed many of the ancient artifacts; as a result, well-recorded sites like Ridgeway and Zimmerman are of immense value.[7]