Ripogonum scandens

In 1769, during explorer Lieutenant James Cook's first voyage of discovery, botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected specimens of "supplejack" (Ripogonum scandens) in New Zealand. The species was described in Solander's unpublished manuscript Primitiae Florae Novae Zelandiae and was illustrated by Sydney Parkinson.[5] Cook again visited New Zealand in 1773 during his second voyage. While anchored at Dusky Bay (now Dusky Sound) in the South Island of New Zealand, he remarked in his journal:[6]

In many parts the woods are so over-run with supplejacks, that it is scarcely possible to force one's way amongst them. I have seen several which were fifty or sixty fathoms long.

During this voyage naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster, assisted by his son Georg Forster collected plant specimens, the elder Forster offering the following description in his journal:[7]

A kind of climbing plant called the supple Jack by our Sailors, on account of its pliancy, bears red berries, something similar to cherries, & runs up the highest trees, climbs over to another, & after having made its way over many of them, it often comes again down & strikes fresh roots.

In 1776, the Fosters published the genus Ripogonum in the second edition of their Characteres Generum Plantarum with Ripogonum scandens as the type species.[8]

The Supplejack vine is an evergreen (a plant, bush or tree that retains it leaves for the duration of the year[9]), indigenous[10] climbing vine. It climbs by coiling its stems around tree trunks and branches.[11] When there are no supporting trees for the vines to climb up, the vines create a tangled mess on the forest floor, creating a dense knotted entanglement.[11] In the first few years of establishment, the SuppleJack mirrors a small shrub,[12] but in its later seasons the stems start to spiral around the supporting trees. In summer, when the conditions are right, the tips of the vines can grow up to 5 centimetres per day, giving ample opportunity for the vines to climb high into the canopy, suffocating trees in the fight for light.[13] When the vines/ stems reach the sunlight at the top of the canopy, they begin to produce green leafy stems opposed to the brown woody stems; which begin to produce flowers and fruit.[13] Flowering takes place during October till May granted the stem is in full light at the top of the canopy.[14][10] Fruiting takes place throughout the year [14] and the Supplejack will produce small (1 cm diameter) red berries.[10] The leaves are opposite, ovate and shiny.[4] Male and female flowers are separate, female flowers produce the larger berries.[4]

Traditionally supplejack was used by Māori to bind and pull objects. For example, the vine was used to tie firewood together and for towing small canoes.

Medicinally the supplejack root was boiled to make a drink to help a variety of conditions including rheumatism, fever, disability, bowel problems and skin diseases.[15] The soft, fresh shoots of the vine can also be eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable.[16]

Shoots of differing lengths can be seen at all times during the year however they are most common during the springtime where the sun becomes stronger and they are able to photosynthesize more. Anthers become visible in December and through January.[17] Once the anthers have been pollinated by either an insect or by wild pollination (wind dispersal/ browsing/ seed dispersal), the fruit takes approximately 12–15 months to fully ripen; the berries can be seen all year round.[17] The seed germinates easily only if it doesn’t dry out.

Supplejack is very vulnerable to different types of birds and mammals that are known to eat the fruit and roots of supplejack. Kereru (Hemiphaga novae-seelandiae) and blackbirds (Turdus merula) are two main birds that consume supplejack fruit.[18] Kaka have also been known to have eaten supplejack berries.[19] They fall victim to being over-consumed and being browsed too much leaving them stripped bare of either their leaves or a lot of their fruit. Over the years as the number of invasive species increase throughout New Zealand, this has started putting pressure on the plants survival rate and is now causing a decrease in how often the plant is occurring. A new climber specie related to supplejack called Geitonoplesium cymosum has somehow been brought over to New Zealand. This specie is very similar to the native supplejack but there is a threat that if this new specie continues to thrive and spread throughout New Zealand that it could out-compete supplejack.[20] Wild pigs also have a negative impact on juvenile supplejack as they forage through the forest floor. While they are disturbing and consuming other plants, they are also uprooting growing supplejack. Deer and cattle also have the same negative impact on supplejack. These mammals graze on the seedlings and growing juvenile plants. Possums are another mammal in the New Zealand forests that eat the flesh of the supplejack fruit.[21]

There is also a type of fungal specie that grows and covers supplejacks stems and leaves. This fungus is described as a sooty mould and is called Trichopeltheca asiatica. This fungus is common across New Zealand and since it tends to ‘smother’ the supplejack, this can greatly affect the plants ability to photosynthesize.[17]

There are also some various species of moths from the order Lepidoptera that are found throughout New Zealand. One example is Ctenopseustis obliquana. Its larvae can be found in ripe fruit and it will also consume the stems, leaves and flowers of the supplejack.[17]