Roy's identity

Roy's identity (named for French economist René Roy) is a major result in microeconomics having applications in consumer choice and the theory of the firm. The lemma relates the ordinary (Marshallian) demand function to the derivatives of the indirect utility function. Specifically, denoting the indirect utility function as $v(p,w),$ the Marshallian demand function for good $i$ can be calculated as

x_{i}^{m}=-{\frac {\frac {\partial v}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial w}}}

where $p$ is the price vector of goods and $w$ is income.[1]

Derivation of Roy's identity

Roy's identity reformulates Shephard's lemma in order to get a Marshallian demand function for an individual and a good ( $i$ ) from some indirect utility function.

The first step is to consider the trivial identity obtained by substituting the expenditure function for wealth or income $w$ in the indirect utility function $v(p,w)$ , at a utility of $u$ :

v(p,e(p,u))=u

This says that the indirect utility function evaluated in such a way that minimizes the cost for achieving a certain utility given a set of prices (a vector $p$ ) is equal to that utility when evaluated at those prices.

Taking the derivative of both sides of this equation with respect to the price of a single good $p_{i}$ (with the utility level held constant) gives:

{\frac {\partial v[p,e(p,u)]}{\partial w}}{\frac {\partial e(p,u)}{\partial p_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial v[p,e(p,u)]}{\partial p_{i}}}=0

.

Rearranging gives the desired result:

-{\frac {\frac {\partial v[p,e(p,u)]}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial v[p,e(p,u)]}{\partial w}}}={\frac {\partial e(p,u)}{\partial p_{i}}}=h_{i}(p,u)=x_{i}(p,e(p,u))

with the second-to-last equality following from Shephard's lemma and the last equality from a basic property of Hicksian demand.

Alternative proof using the envelope theorem

For expositional ease, consider the two-goods case. The indirect utility function $v(p_{1},p_{2},w)$ is the value function of the constrained optimization problem characterized by the following Lagrangian:[2]

{\mathcal {L}}=u(x_{1},x_{2})+\lambda (w-p_{1}x_{1}-p_{2}x_{2})

By the envelope theorem, the derivatives of the value function $v(p_{1},p_{2},w)$ with respect to the parameters are:

{\frac {\partial v}{\partial p_{1}}}=-\lambda x_{1}^{m}

{\frac {\partial v}{\partial w}}=\lambda

where $x_{1}^{m}$ is the maximizer (i.e. the Marshallian demand function for good 1). Hence:

-{\frac {\frac {\partial v}{\partial p_{1}}}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial w}}}=-{\frac {-\lambda x_{1}^{m}}{\lambda }}=x_{1}^{m}

Application

This gives a method of deriving the Marshallian demand function of a good for some consumer from the indirect utility function of that consumer. It is also fundamental in deriving the Slutsky equation.

References

Varian, Hal (1992). Microeconomic Analysis (Third ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 106–108.
Cornes, Richard (1992). Duality and Modern Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 0-521-33291-5.

Roy, René (1947). "La Distribution du Revenu Entre Les Divers Biens". Econometrica. 15 (3): 205–225. JSTOR 1905479.

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[1] Varian, Hal (1992). Microeconomic Analysis (Third ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 106–108.

[2] Cornes, Richard (1992). Duality and Modern Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 0-521-33291-5.