STEM pipeline

The STEM pipeline is the educational pathway for students in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The start and end of this STEM pipeline are disputed, but it is often considered to begin in early education and extend into graduation or an adult career in STEM.[1]

Description

The "pipeline" metaphor is based on the idea that having sufficient graduates requires both having sufficient input of students at the beginning of their studies, and retaining these students through completion of their academic program.[2] The STEM pipeline is a key component of workplace diversity and of workforce development that ensures sufficient qualified candidates are available to fill scientific and technical positions.

The STEM pipeline was promoted in the United States from the 1970s onwards, as “the push for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education appears to have grown from a concern for the low number of future professionals to fill STEM jobs and careers and economic and educational competitiveness.”[3]

Today, this metaphor is commonly used to describe retention problems in STEM fields, called “leaks” in the pipeline. For example, the White House reported in 2012 that 80% of minority groups and women who enroll in a STEM field switch to a non-STEM field or drop out during their undergraduate education.[4] These leaks often vary by field, gender, ethnic and racial identity, socioeconomic background, and other factors, drawing attention to structural inequities involved in STEM education and careers.

Current efforts

The STEM pipeline concept is a useful tool for programs aiming at increasing the total number of graduates, and is especially important in efforts to increase the number of underrepresented minorities and women in STEM fields.[5] Using STEM methodology, educational policymakers can examine the quantity and retention of students at all stages of the K–12 educational process and beyond, and devise programs and interventions to improve educational processes and outcomes. STEM programs focus on increasing social and academic supports for students. STEM programs may also focus on bringing students together with professionals in their field, to provide mentoring, role models and learning opportunities in industry.[6]

Maintaining a healthy and diverse STEM pipeline has been a concern in several developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany.[7][8][9]

United States

In the United States, although efforts to increase the number of women and African Americans in STEM fields have been ongoing, as recently as 2010 the results have been evaluated as "poor".[10][11] In 2014, one report declared that "traditionally underrepresented groups remain underrepresented",[12] while another article commented, "You can go through your entire scholarly trajectory in computer science without seeing one face of color", where "of color" refers to African Americans.[13]

STEM pipeline programs in the US have been created at various levels. Examples include: the Technology Leadership Institute at the University of Pittsburgh at the college and university level,[14] the Nevada STEM pipeline at the state level [15] and the Broadening Participation in Computing Alliances at the national level.[16]

Educational attainment factors

High Schools in the United States implement a STEM pipeline program that combines a dual pathway that enhances mathematical, engineering, and scientific skills along with a supportive group that aims to help underrepresented students aspire to become leaders in the STEM field. Students benefit from the moral support and motivational skills that mentors implement for their correct academic preparation. Teachers, and college mentors become in the life of the students in the program a guidance in their path to be the next generation of leaders. Furthermore, staff members aid students to feel integrated and cared for their well-being.[17] In their path to pursue higher education in the STEM fields, underrepresented students are awarded scholarships that aid them throughout their college years. Scholarships are a factor that allows underrepresented to focus on their academic and allows them to be persistent throughout their years in college.[18]

The STEM pipeline program provides a multitude of workshops, and extracurricular activities to work on social and professional development. Moreover, it arranges networking with minorities that went through the program and now currently work in the science, or health field. In addition, to the benefits as an alumnus of the program, every student is invited to become advocates within their community with the goal of increasing the amount of underrepresented students in STEM fields [19]

The support of programs such as the STEM pipeline program aims to increase diversity in the workplace with the ambition to create an inclusive safe area where all the members of the team can contribute to the development of innovative ideas in their respective field. Additionally, the diversity of collaborating with different ideas enhances the outcome of the team's desired goal, and facilitates better planning of the timeline.[20]

Public reactions

The concept of the STEM pipeline has been met with resistance for its pragmatic overtones. National Science Board Vice Chairman Kelvin Droegemeier calls for a movement away from thinking about the necessary number of STEM workers, in favor of considering the necessary knowledge and skills for the success of all workers.[21]

The linearity of the STEM pipeline concept has been criticized as neglecting the wide variety of possible career pathways, including interdisciplinary studies, intermittent careers, and STEM-informed work in non-technical fields. A 2015 commentary in Inside Higher Ed suggested that the "leaky pipeline" metaphor may be viewed as pejorative towards individuals who leave the academic track for employment, or use their technical background as the basis for a career in a non-technical field.[22]

A 2015 commentary in Science observed that Margaret Thatcher and Angela Merkel could be considered two "leaks" in the pipeline.[23]

Some have said that increasing the STEM pipeline is not enough to promote workplace diversity. Advocates for women and minorities in STEM such as Tracy Chou have argued that STEM companies must also focus on internal reforms, such as reevaluating inequitable hiring practices and unsupportive workplace culture.[24]

See also

References
  1. Inside Higher Ed (2015-02-09). "The STEM Pipeline" (PDF). Boston University STEM Education Initiatives. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  2. "Educational Pipeline FAQ". Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  3. Brown, Ryan; Brown, Joshua; Reardon, Kristin; Merrill, Chris. "Understanding STEM: Current Perceptions". Technology and Engineering Teacher. 70 (6): 5–9. ISSN 2158-0502.
  4. Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2015-07-16). "Why we are teaching science wrong, and how to make it right". Nature. 523 (7560): 272–274. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..272W. doi:10.1038/523272a. PMID 26178948.
  5. Institute for Higher Education Policy. "Diversifying the STEM pipeline: the Model Replication Institutions Program" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  6. "STEM Methodology - Teachers in teams, STEM Innovation at work". STEM Pipeline Institute. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  7. King's College, London. "Improving Diversity in STEM: A report by the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE)" (PDF). Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE). Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  8. Larkin, Marilynn (2014-02-12). "STEM diversity initiatives—what works, what doesn't". Elsevier Connect. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  9. "President Obama Launches "Educate to Innovate" Campaign for Excellence in Science, Technology, Engineering & Math (Stem) Education". The White House. 2009-11-23. Archived from the original on 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  10. Robelin, Erik W. (2010-03-22). "U.S. Gets Poor Grades in Nurturing STEM Diversity". Education Week. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  11. Davis-Lowe, OPAS Diversity Committee (November 2007). "Fostering STEM Diversity". Elsevier Connect. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  12. "Stem pipeline problems to aid STEM diversity". Phys.org. 2014-06-18. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  13. Institute for African American Mentoring in Computing Sciences (2014-04-28). "Creating a Computer Science Pipeline for African Americans". Wisconsin Center for Education Research. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  14. "Lack of diversity part of equation in STEM fields". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  15. "Nevada STEM Pipeline, Your Resource for Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Programs". Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  16. Charleston, LaVar J; et al. "Creating a Pipeline for African American Computing Science Faculty: An Innovative Faculty/Research Mentoring Program Model" (PDF). Journal of Faculty Development. 28 (1): –2014. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
  17. "Expanding underrepresented minority participation" (PDF).
  18. "BROADENING PARTICIPATION IN STEM" (PDF).
  19. "The STEM Pipeline: Recruiting and Retaining African American Female Engineers".
  20. "Preparing Tomorrow's STEM Workforce Through Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers" (PDF).
  21. "Revisiting the STEM workforce | NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  22. Miller, David (2015-03-03). "Essay calls for ending the 'leaky pipeline' metaphor when discussing women in science". @insidehighered. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  23. Penner, A. M. (2015-01-16). "Gender inequality in science". Science. 347 (6219): 234–235. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..234P. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3781. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25593174. S2CID 12815820.
  24. Chou, Tracy (2013-10-11). "Where are the numbers?". Medium. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
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