Sapphire-spangled emerald

The sapphire-spangled emerald (Chionomesa lactea) is a species of hummingbird that occurs in Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil from the Amazon south to Santa Catarina; there are uncertain records from east Ecuador. Both male and female have a bright "sapphire" blue chest and chin and green-blue abdomen with a well-delineated white stripe. The bill is almost straight with a black upper mandible and pink lower mandible.[3] The emerald is found in forest edges, mountainous regions and gardens in urban areas.

Sapphire-spangled emerald
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Chionomesa
Species:
C. lactea
Binomial name
Chionomesa lactea
(Lesson, R, 1832)
Synonyms[2]

Polyerata lactea

The species has an estimated range of 1,500,000 km2, and while its population size is uncertain, it is believed to be large since it has been described as "frequent" in at least some parts of its range.[1] It is not considered to be in decline and has been therefore evaluated as Least concern.[1]

This species was formerly placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Amazilia was polyphyletic.[4] In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the sapphire-spangled emerald was moved to the resurrected genus Chionomesa that had been introduced in 1921 by Eugène Simon.[5][6]

It is depicted on the reverse side of the discontinued 1-Brazilian Real banknote.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Amazilia lactea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "Amazilia lactea". Avibase.
  3. "Arthur Grosset - Sapphire-spangled Emerald".
  4. McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
  5. Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.
  6. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
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