Saxifraga

Saxifraga is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 440 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages[2] or rockfoils.[3] The Latin word saxifraga means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin saxum ("rock" or "stone") + frangere ("to break"). It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi (known as kidney or bladder stones), rather than breaking rocks apart.[2][4]

This article is about a plant genus. For other plants called saxifrage, and other uses, see Saxifrage (disambiguation). For the British warship formerly known as HMS Saxifrage, see HMS President (1918).

Saxifraga
Saxifraga cochlearis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Saxifragaceae
Genus: Saxifraga
Tourn. ex L.
Type species
Saxifraga granulata
Sections

See text

Synonyms [1]

Boecherarctica Á.Löve
Cascadia A.M.Johnson
Micranthes Haw.
Zahlbrucknera Rchb.

Description

Most saxifrages are small perennial, biennial (e.g. S. adscendens) or annual (e.g. S. tridactylites) herbaceous plants whose basal or cauline leaves grow close to the ground, often in a rosette. The leaves typically have a more or less incised margin; they may be succulent, needle-like and/or hairy, reducing evaporation.[5][6][7]

The inflorescence or single flower clusters rise above the main plant body on naked stalks. The small actinomorphic hermaphrodite flowers have five petals and sepals and are usually white, but red to yellow in some species. Stamens, usually 10, rarely 8, insert at the junction of the floral tube and ovary wall, with filaments subulate or clavate. As in other primitive eudicots, some of the 5 or 10 stamens may appear petal-like. and it lives in tundral ecosystems.[5][8][6]

Taxonomy

A genus of about 440 species. The former monotypic genus Saxifragella has been submersed within Saxifraga, the largest genus in Saxifragaceae, as Saxifraga bicuspidata.[9][5] Also the genus Saxifragopsis (strawberry saxifrage) was previously included in Saxifraga.[1]

Subdivision

Based on morphological criteria, up to 15 sections were recognised.[10] Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies reduced this to 13 sections with 9 subsections. The former sections Micranthes and Merkianae are more closely related to the Boykinia and Heuchera clades.[11] Modern floras separate these groups as the genus Micranthes.[12][6]

The thirteen sections (with subsections) are;[13]

  • Irregulares
  • Saxifragella
  • Pseudocymbalaria
  • Bronchiales
  • Ciliatae
  • Cymbalaria
  • Cotylea
  • Gymnopera
  • Mesogyne
  • Trachyphyllum
  • Ligulatae
  • Porphyrion
    • Squarrosae
    • Mutatae
    • Oppositifoliae
    • Florulentae
    • Kabschia
  • Saxifraga
    • Tridactylites
    • Androsaceae
    • Arachnoideae
    • Saxifraga

List of selected species
  • Saxifraga adscendens – ascending saxifrage
  • Saxifraga aizoides – Yellow mountain saxifrage,[14] yellow saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga aizoon – Aizoon rockfoil
  • Saxifraga algisii
  • Saxifraga anadyrensis
  • Saxifraga androsacea
  • Saxifraga aquatica
  • Saxifraga arachnoidea
  • Saxifraga × arendsii – mossy saxifrage, mossy rockfoil
  • Saxifraga aspera L. – rough saxifrage,[14] stiff-haired saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga bicuspidata
  • Saxifraga biflora
  • Saxifraga bronchialis L. – matte saxifrage
  • Saxifraga bryoides L. – mossy saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga caesia – blue green saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga callosa Sm. – limestone saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga canaliculata
  • Saxifraga carpatica
  • Saxifraga cernua – drooping saxifrage, nodding saxifrage, bulblet saxifrage
  • Saxifraga cervicornis
  • Saxifraga cespitosa – tufted saxifrage
  • Saxifraga ciliata
  • Saxifraga cochlearis
  • Saxifraga columnaris Schmalh.
  • Saxifraga corsica
  • Saxifraga consanguinea W.W.Sm.
  • Saxifraga cotyledon L. – great alpine rockfoil, greater evergreen saxifrage
  • Saxifraga cuneifolia – shield-leaved saxifrage,[14] lesser London pride
  • Saxifraga cymbalaria – celandine saxifrage
  • Saxifraga decipiens
  • Saxifraga dinnikii Schmalh.
  • Saxifraga eschscholtzii – cushion saxifrage
  • Saxifraga exarata – furrowed saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ex Sternb. – whiplash saxifrage, spider saxifrage, "spider plant"
  • Saxifraga florulenta
  • Saxifraga forbesei
  • Saxifraga fortunei Hook.f.
  • Saxifraga × geum – Robertsoniana saxifrage (S. hirsuta x S. umbrosa)
  • Saxifraga globulifera – Gibraltar saxifrage
  • Saxifraga granulata L. – meadow saxifrage,[14] bulbous saxifrage,[14] fair maids of France[14] (type species)
  • Saxifraga grisebachii - Engleria saxifrage
  • Saxifraga groenlandica
  • Saxifraga hederacea
  • Saxifraga hirculus L. – yellow marsh saxifrage, marsh saxifrage, "bog saxifrage"
  • Saxifraga hirsuta – kidney saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga hyperborea – pygmy saxifrage
  • Saxifraga hypnoides – mossy saxifrage,[14] Dovedale moss
  • Saxifraga juniperifolia
  • Saxifraga korshinskii Kom.
  • Saxifraga lactea Turcz.
  • Saxifraga longifolia – Pyrenean saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga maderensis – Madeira saxifrage,[14] Madeira breakstone[14]
  • Saxifraga mertensiana – Mertens' saxifrage
  • Saxifraga montana
  • Saxifraga moschata – musky saxifrage, mossy saxifrage
    • Saxifraga moschata ssp. basaltica
  • Saxifraga muscoides
  • Saxifraga mutata
  • Saxifraga nathorstii (Dusén) Hayek – East Greenland saxifrage
  • Saxifraga nipponica
  • Saxifraga oppositifolia – purple saxifrage,[14] purple mountain saxifrage
  • Saxifraga osloensis Knaben - Oslo saxifrage, a natural hybrid species[15]
  • Saxifraga paniculata – lifelong saxifrage,[14] white mountain saxifrage
  • Saxifraga petraea
  • Saxifraga platysepala (= S. flagellaris auct. non Willd.) – broadsepal saxifrage
  • Saxifraga porophylla
  • Saxifraga redofskii – many-flower saxifrage
  • Saxifraga rivularis – alpine brook saxifrage, brook saxifrage, highland saxifrage
  • Saxifraga rosacea – Irish saxifrage
  • Saxifraga rotundifolia L. – round-leaved saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga roylei
  • Saxifraga rudolphiana
  • Saxifraga rufopilosa – redhair saxifrage
  • Saxifraga sancta
  • Saxifraga serpyllifolia – thymeleaf saxifrage
  • Saxifraga sibirica – Siberian saxifrage
  • Saxifraga spathularis – Saint Patrick's cabbage
  • Saxifraga stolonifera – creeping saxifrage, strawberry saxifrage, creeping rockfoil, strawberry begonia, strawberry geranium,[14] Aaron's beard
    • Saxifraga stolonifera f. aptera (Makino) H.Hara – hoshizaki-yukinoshita (Japanese)
    • Saxifraga stolonifera 'Cuscutiformis' (Saxifraga cuscutiformis Lodd.) – Dodder-like saxifrage[14]
  • Saxifraga subverticillata
  • Saxifraga taygetea
  • Saxifraga taylorii – Taylor's saxifrage
  • Saxifraga tenella
  • Saxifraga tombeanensis
  • Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb. – prickly saxifrage
  • Saxifraga tridactylites – rue-leaved saxifrage, "nailwort"
  • Saxifraga trifurcata
  • Saxifraga × urbium – London pride (S. spathularis × S. umbrosa)
  • Saxifraga umbrosa – Pyrenean saxifrage
  • Saxifraga vandelli
  • Saxifraga wahlenbergii

Formerly placed here

Plants formerly placed in Saxifraga are mainly but not exclusively Saxifragaceae. They include:

Other "saxifragous" plants

Several plant genera have names referring to saxifrages, although they might not be close relatives of Saxifraga. They include:

  • Golden-saxifrages, Chrysosplenium
  • Burnet-saxifrages, Pimpinella
  • Pepper-saxifrage, Silaum silaus. The name "silaum" comes from the Latin word sil, which means yellow ochre. This refers to the sulphorous yellow colour of the flowers.[16]

Some plants refer to Saxifraga in their generic names or specific epithets, either because they are also "rock-breaking" or because they resemble members of the saxifrage genus:

Ecology
Round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia), whose sticky leaves seem to catch small invertebrates

Saxifrages are typical inhabitants of Arctic–alpine ecosystems, and are hardly ever found outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere; most members of this genus are found in subarctic climates. A good number of species grow in glacial habitats, such as S. biflora which can be found some 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level in the Alps, or the East Greenland saxifrage (S. nathorstii). The genus is also abundant in the Eastern and Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Though the archetypal saxifrage is a small plant huddling between rocks high up on a mountain, many species do not occur in such a habitat and are larger (though still rather delicate) plants found on wet meadows.

Various Saxifraga species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some butterflies and moths, such as the Phoebus Apollo (Parnassius phoebus).[17]

Charles Darwin – erroneously believing Saxifraga to be allied to the sundew family (Droseraceae) – suspected the sticky-leaved round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia), rue-leaved saxifrage (S. tridactylites) and Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa) to be protocarnivorous plants, and conducted some experiments whose results supported his observations,[18] but the matter has apparently not been studied since his time.

Cultivation
Saxifraga urumoffii at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

Numerous species and cultivars of saxifrage are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, valued particularly as groundcover or as cushion plants in rock gardens and alpine gardens. Many require alkaline or neutral soil to thrive.[7]

S. × urbium (London pride), a hybrid between Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa) and St. Patrick's cabbage (S. spathularis), is commonly grown as an ornamental plant.[2] Another horticultural hybrid is Robertsoniana saxifrage (S. × geum), derived from kidney saxifrage (S. hirsuta) and Pyrenean saxifrage. Some wild species are also used in gardening. Cambridge University Botanic Garden hosts the United Kingdom's national collection of saxifrages.[2]

Award of Garden Merit

The following species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[19]

  • ’Angelina Johnson’ (fortunei)[20]
  • ’Blackberry and Apple Pie’ (fortunei)[21]
  • S. callosa (limestone saxifrage)[22]
  • ’Conwy Snow’ (fortunei)[23]
  • ’Coolock Kate’[24]
  • ’Cumulus’[25]
  • S. fortunei[26]
  • ’Gregor Mendel’ (× apiculata)[27]
  • ’Lagraveana’ (paniculata)[28]
  • 'Lutea'[29]
  • 'Minor'[30]
  • ’Moe’ (fortunei)[31]
  • ’Monarch’[32]
  • ’Mount Nachi’ (fortunei)[33]
  • ’Peach Melba’[34]
  • ’Reginald Farrer’ (Silver Farreri Group)[35]
  • ’Rokujo’ (fortunei)[36]
  • 'Rosea'[37]
  • ’Shiranami’ (fortunei)[38]
  • ’Slack’s Ruby Southside’ (Southside Seedling Group)[39]
  • ’Snowflake’ (Silver Farreri Group)[40]
  • ’Southside Star’ (Southside Seedling Group)[41]
  • S. stolonifera (strawberry saxifrage)[42]
  • ’Sue Drew’ (fortunei)[43]
  • Sugar Plum Fairy=‘Toujya’ (fortunei)[44]
  • 'Theoden’[45]
  • 'Tumbling Waters' [46]
  • S. × urbium (London pride)[47]
  • ’Venetia’ (paniculata)[48]
  • ’Whitehill’[49]

Uses

Purple saxifrage (S. oppositifolia) is a popular floral emblem. It is the territorial flower of Nunavut (Canada) and the county flower of County Londonderry in Northern Ireland. Known as rødsildre ("red saxifrage") in Norway, it also is the county flower of Nordland. It is on the seal of Fitchburg State University, whose motto is "Perseverantia" in reference to the rock-breaking abilities of the plant over time. Tsukuba in Japan has as its city flower hoshizaki-yukinoshita (Katakana: ホシザキユキノシタ), the aptera form of Creeping saxifrage (S. stolonifera). The leaves of the Japanese variety "yukinoshita" (literally "Under the snow") can also been eaten, and is consumed at least within the large southern island of Kyushu. It is prepared by frying the younger succulent leaves in tempura batter. The leaves of Saxifraga pensylvanica can also be eaten raw or cooked.[50]

References
  1. "Saxifraga L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. February 9, 2005. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  2. "Saxifraga". National Plant Collections. Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  3. Roger Spencer, ed. Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia. UNSW Press, 2002. p. 81. ISBN 9780868401676
  4. D. A. Webb & R. J. Gornall (1989). Saxifrages of Europe. Christopher Helm. p. 19. ISBN 0-7470-3407-9.
  5. Gornall 2011.
  6. Brouillet & Elvander 2008.
  7. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  8. Jintang et al 2004.
  9. Deng et al 2015.
  10. Gornall 1987.
  11. Soltis et al 1996.
  12. Flora of China
  13. Tkach et al 2015.
  14. Umberto Quattrocchi. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, 1999. p.2395-2396. ISBN 9780849326738
  15. Knaben, G. (1934). "Saxifraga osloensis n. sp., a tetraploid species of the Tridactylites section". Nytt Magasin for Botanikk: 117–138.
  16. Readers Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain, page 192, published 1988
  17. Ivo Novák (1980). A Field Guide in Colour to Butterflies and Moths. Octopus Books. ISBN 0-7064-1293-1.
  18. Charles Darwin (1875). "Drosophyllum – Roridula – Byblis – glandular hairs of other plants – concluding remarks on the Droseraceae". Insectivorous Plants (1st ed.). London: J. Murray. pp. 332–367.
  19. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 95. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  20. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Angelina Johnson'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  21. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Blackberry and Apple Pie'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  22. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga callosa". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  23. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Conwy Snow'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  24. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Coolock Kate'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  25. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Cumulus'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  26. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga fortunei". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  27. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Gregor Mendel' (× fortunei)". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  28. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Lagraveana'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  29. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga 'Lutea'". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  30. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga 'Minor'". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  31. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Moe'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  32. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Monarch'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  33. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Mount Nachi'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  34. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Peach Melba'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  35. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga (Silver Farreri Group) 'Reginald Farrer'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  36. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Rokujo' (fortunei)". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  37. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga 'Rosea'". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  38. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Shiranami'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  39. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga (Southside Seedling Group) 'Slack's Ruby Southside'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  40. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga (Silver Farreri Group) 'Snowflake'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  41. "RHS Plantfinder - (Southside seedling Group) 'Southside Star'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  42. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga stolonifera". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  43. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Sue Drew'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  44. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga Sugar Plum Fairy='Toujya'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  45. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga 'Theoden'". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  46. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga 'Tumbling Waters'". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  47. "RHS Plant Selector - Saxifraga × urbium". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  48. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Venetia' (paniculata)". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  49. "RHS Plantfinder - Saxifraga 'Whitehill'". Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  50. Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 780. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.

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