Scadoxus

Species of Scadoxus grow from bulbs or rhizomes. Bulbous species usually also have distinct rhizomes. Particularly in the non-bulbous species, the petioles (leaf stalks) overlap to produce a false stem or pseudostem, which may be purple-spotted. The leaf blades are lanceolate to ovate with a thickened midrib. The leafless flowering stem (scape) is also sometimes purple-spotted, and either appears from among the leaves or pushes through the side of the pseudostem.[3][4]

The flowers are borne at the top of the scape in the form of a many-flowered umbel. Four or more bracts are present under the umbel at first. In some species, such as Scadoxus membranaceus, these bracts persist during flowering; in other species they wither before the flowers are fully open. Individual flowers have six red to pink tepals, joined at the base to form a tube. In most species, the flowers are more-or-less upright, although in Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus the open flowers droop and in Scadoxus nutans the top of the scape bends over so that the flowers face downwards. The filaments of the stamens arise from the base of the tepals and may be flattened. The fruit takes the form of a globose berry, orange to red when ripe.[3][5]

The genus was given its name in 1838 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The precise etymology of the name as a whole is unclear. Rafinesque glossed the name as "umb. glor."[6] (possibly meaning umbella gloriosa, "glorious umbel"). Doxus, meaning "glory" or "splendour" in Greek, is usually interpreted as a reference to the often scarlet flowers of the genus.[7] The prefix sca may be derived from the Greek skia meaning "shade"[8] (sciadon is the Greek equivalent of the Latin umbella, "umbrella", used of flower heads in the form of umbels[9]).[10]

Species

As of March 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts the following nine species, one with three subspecies:[1]

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Scadoxus cinnabarinus (Decne.) Friis & Nordal	west and central Africa
	Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus (C.H.Wright) Friis & Nordal	Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda + Zaïre
	Scadoxus longifolius (De Wild. & T.Durand) Friis & Nordal	west Africa
	Scadoxus membranaceus (Baker) Friis & Nordal	South Africa
	Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. (Blood Lily)	tropical and southern Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula
	Scadoxus nutans (Friis & I.Bjørnstad) Friis & Nordal	Ethiopia
	Scadoxus pole-evansii (Oberm.) Friis & Nordal	Zimbabwe
	Scadoxus pseudocaulus (I.Bjørnstad & Friis) Friis & Nordal	tropical Africa
	Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal	South Africa, Tanzania and Ethiopia

Nordal and Duncan explored the relationship between eight of the species in a 1984 analysis based on morphological features (the little-known Scadoxus longiflorus was excluded). Their preferred cladogram was:[13]

	rhizomes only   Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus     Scadoxus nutans       Scadoxus pseudocaulus     Scadoxus cinnabarinus       bulbs     Scadoxus multiflorus     Scadoxus pole-evansii         Scadoxus puniceus     Scadoxus membranaceus

The main division is between a group which does not have bulbs, only rhizomes, and one which has bulbs, usually with rhizomes as well.

The genus as a whole is distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula. It has been introduced into parts of Mexico.[3] The most widely distributed species is Scadoxus multiflorus, whose subspecies S. m. subsp. multiflorus is found throughout tropical and southern Africa and is the only member of the genus found in the Arabian Peninsula.[14] By contrast, Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus is found only in the Rwenzori Mountains on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[5]

Most species are found in tropical forests, where they grow in warm, moist conditions in shade, either in soil or as epiphytes.[5] The three species found in temperate regions of South Africa are more bulbous in habit than the tropical species; Scadoxus puniceus has been found growing in sand dunes and dry cliff faces.[5]

The cultivation of Scadoxus species has been described by Jonathan Hutchinson, the UK National Plant Collection holder for the genus. All species occur naturally in areas of summer rainfall, and in cultivation tend to start in growth in spring after a period of winter dormancy. The three species found in South Africa, S. multiflorus, S. puniceus and S. membranaceous, are the most widely cultivated, being tolerant of winter temperatures down to 5 °C (41 °F). S. multiflorus subsp. multiflorus is cultivated for sale in large quantities by the Dutch nursery industry.[4]

The tropical species require a minimum temperature of at least 10 °C (50 °F), thriving in a warm, humid atmosphere. An open organic potting medium, similar to that used for orchids, suits all species. A coarse mix with considerable air spaces is particularly important for epiphytic species such as S. nutans.[5]

Pests of Scadoxus in cultivation in the UK include mealy bugs and narcissus bulb fly (Merodon equestris). Red spider mites (Tetranychus species), slugs and snails can also cause problems.[5] In South Africa, where species such as S. puniceus can be grown outside, lily borer (Brithys crini) attacks plants.[7]

The genus Scadoxus is known to have some strongly toxic species, containing poisonous alkaloids. These are lethal to animals, such as sheep and goats, that graze on the leaves or bulbs. Scadoxus multiflorus and Scadoxus cinnabarinus are traditionally used in parts of tropical Africa as components of arrow poisons and fishing poisons. Both species, as well as Scadoxus puniceus in South Africa, are used in traditional medicine.[15]

Wikispecies has information related to Scadoxus.

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• Duncan, G. (2013), "A synoptic review of Scadoxus Raf. (Amaryllidaceae) with notes on cultivation", Herbertia, 66: 189–224
• Hutchinson, J. (2007), "Scadoxus of South Africa", The Plantsman, New Series, 6 (1): 10–14
• Hutchinson, J. (2014), "Scadoxus of central and east Africa", The Plantsman, New Series, 13 (1): 36–42