Scarr-Rowe effect

In behavioral genetics, the Scarr-Rowe effect, also known as the Scarr-Rowe hypothesis, refers to the proposed moderating effect of low socioeconomic status on the heritability of children's IQ. According to this hypothesis, lower socioeconomic status and greater exposure to social disadvantage during childhood leads to a decrease in the heritability of IQ, as compared to children raised in more advantaged environments.[1] This hypothesized effect was first proposed by Sandra Scarr, who found support for it in a 1971 study of twins in Philadelphia. It was later replicated by David C. Rowe in 1999.[2][3] It is considered an example of gene–environment interaction.[4][5]

Additional research

In 1980, Siv Fischbein replicated the Scarr-Rowe effect in a Swedish twin sample.[6] In 2003, Eric Turkheimer and colleagues replicated the effect in an analysis of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project.[7] A 2016 meta-analysis found evidence of the Scarr-Rowe effect only in the United States, but no evidence of such an effect in Australia or Western Europe.[1] Turkheimer et al. (2015) similarly note that the effect has been replicated more in the United States than in other countries, and that even in the United States some studies have failed to replicate it. Based on their analysis of the Louisville Twin Study, they reported weak evidence for the hypothesis that was not statistically significant.[8] Since 2016, research has likewise found contradictory and inconsistent results. In 2017, a twin study with a very large sample of 24,620 twins and 274,786 siblings born and raised in the economically diverse US state of Florida found no evidence of the Scarr-Rowe effect, whereas a different study of 9,012 individuals found evidence for a slight to modest effect in children born in Wisconsin during the 1930s and 1940s.[9][10] Another study in Australia has found no evidence for the Scarr-Rowe effect.[11]

References
  1. Tucker-Drob, Elliot M.; Bates, Timothy C. (February 2016). "Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence". Psychological Science. 27 (2): 138–149. doi:10.1177/0956797615612727. ISSN 0956-7976. PMC 4749462. PMID 26671911.
  2. Turkheimer, Eric; Beam, Christopher E.; Davis, Deborah W. (November 2015). "The Scarr-Rowe Interaction in Complete Seven-Year WISC Data from the Louisville Twin Study: Preliminary Report". Behavior Genetics. 45 (6): 635–639. doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9760-4. ISSN 0001-8244. PMC 4749455. PMID 26497158.
  3. Turkheimer, Eric; Harden, K. Paige; D'Onofrio, Brian; Gottesman, Irving (2009). "The Scarr-Rowe interaction between measured socioeconomic status and the heritability of cognitive ability". In McCartney, K; Weinberg, R. A. (eds.). Modern pioneers in psychological science: An APS-Psychology Press series. Experience and development: A festschrift in honor of Sandra Wood Scarr. Psychology Press.
  4. Fowler-Finn, Kasey D.; Boutwell, Brian (May 2019). "Using Variation in Heritability Estimates as a Test of G × E in Behavioral Research: A Brief Research Note". Behavior Genetics. 49 (3): 340–346. doi:10.1007/s10519-019-09948-9. ISSN 0001-8244. PMID 30739272.
  5. Nielsen, François (2016-07-14). "The Status-Achievement Process: Insights from Genetics". Frontiers in Sociology. 1. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2016.00009. ISSN 2297-7775.
  6. Fischbein, Siv (January 1980). "IQ and social class". Intelligence. 4 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1016/0160-2896(80)90006-9.
  7. Turkheimer, Eric; Haley, Andreana; Waldron, Mary; D'Onofrio, Brian; Gottesman, Irving I. (November 2003). "Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children". Psychological Science. 14 (6): 623–628. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 14629696.
  8. Turkheimer, Eric; Beam, Christopher E.; Davis, Deborah W. (November 2015). "The Scarr-Rowe Interaction in Complete Seven-Year WISC Data from the Louisville Twin Study: Preliminary Report". Behavior Genetics. 45 (6): 635–639. doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9760-4. ISSN 0001-8244. PMC 4749455. PMID 26497158.
  9. Figlio, David N.; Freese, Jeremy; Karbownik, Krzysztof; Roth, Jeffrey (2017). "Socioeconomic status and genetic influences on cognitive development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (51): 13441–13446. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708491114. ISSN 0027-8424.
  10. Woodley of Menie, Michael A.; Pallesen, Jonatan; Sarraf, Matthew A. (December 2018). "Evidence for the Scarr–Rowe Effect on Genetic Expressivity in a Large U.S. Sample". Twin Research and Human Genetics. 21 (6): 495–501. doi:10.1017/thg.2018.63. ISSN 1832-4274. PMID 30560766.
  11. Bates, Timothy C.; Hansell, Narelle K.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Wright, Margaret J. (May 2016). "When does socioeconomic status (SES) moderate the heritability of IQ? No evidence for g × SES interaction for IQ in a representative sample of 1176 Australian adolescent twin pairs" (PDF). Intelligence. 56: 10 15. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.02.003.


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