Schistosoma indicum
Schistosoma indicum is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. The parasite is widespread in domestic animals in India and other Asian countries.
| Schistosoma indicum | |
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| Species: | S. indicum |
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| Schistosoma indicum Montgomery, 1906 | |
Schistosoma indicum was discovered by the British scientist R. E. Montgomery,[1] in 1906, from a horse from Mukteswar, Uttar Pradesh, India. This blood-fluke causes hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis in many domestic animals (sheep, goat, water buffalo, cattle, camel, horse, donkey, dog, but not pigs).[2] It was responsible for an outbreak of pulmonary schistosomiasis, in 1981, in sheep in Rajasthan, leading to considerable mortality. S.indicum caused considerable mortality in the sheep flocks in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka but it was misdiagnosed as Rinder Pest,[3] highlighting the problem of proper diagnosis of the infection in domestic animals. S.indicum has been detected from almost all the states of India and is more widespread than Schistosoma spindale.[4]
Intermediate hosts
The parasite's most important intermediate host is a freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus[5] that is the sole natural intermediate host for S. indicum (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent.[2][5] Earlier another snail (Lymnaea luteola) was also implicated in transmission of S. indicum, but subsequent research refuted that possibility.[5]
Gimvi village dispute
A variant of S. indicum, rather than Schistosoma haematobium, was suggested to be responsible for human schistosomiasis in Gimvi village, Ratnagiri district, India,[6] but was later disputed by other scientists. The main reasons were the use of a different intermediate host (Ferrissia tenuis) and final host (humans) with difference in location (urinary system) which is not possible for any variant.[4] Terminal-spined S. indicum-like eggs have been detected in human stools. Dr. M. C. Agrawal demonstrated cross-immunity against Schistosoma incognitum by immunising the host against S. indicum.
References
- Montgomery, R. E. (1906). "Observations on Bilharziosis among animals in India. I". Journal of Tropical Veterinary Science. 1 (1): 15–46.
- Liu, L.; Mondal, M. M.; Idris, M. A.; Lokman, H. S.; Rajapakse, P. V. J.; Satrija, F.; Diaz, J. L.; Upatham, E. S.; Attwood, S. W. (2010). "The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia". Parasites & Vectors. 3: 57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57. PMC 2914737. PMID 20602771.
- Chandra, D; Singh KP; Singh R; Samanta S; Rasool AR (2003). "Schistosomiasis in sheep flocks in southern states of India". Journal of Veterinary Pathology. 27: 93–94.
- Agrawal, Mahesh Chandra (2012). Schistosomes and Schistosomiasis in South Asia. Springer. ISBN 978-81-322-0539-5.
- Srivatava, HD; Dutt SC (1962). Studies on Schistosoma indicum. Research Series No. 34. Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
- Gaitonde, BB; Sathe BD; Mukerji S; Sutar NK; Athalye RP; Kotwal BP; Renapurkar DM (1981). "Studies on schistosomiasis in village Gimvi of Maharashtra". Indian Journal of Medical Research. 74: 352–357.
Further reading
- Attwood, S. W.; Fatih, F. A.; Mondal, M. M. H.; Alim, M. A.; Fadjar, S.; Rajapakse, R. P. V. J.; Rollinson, D. (2007). "A DNA sequence-based study of the Schistosoma indicum (Trematoda: Digenea) group: Population phylogeny, taxonomy and historical biogeography". Parasitology. 134 (14): 2009–2020. doi:10.1017/S0031182007003411. PMID 17822572.
- Devkota, Ramesh; Brant, Sara V.; Loker, Eric S. (November 2015). "The Schistosoma indicum species group in Nepal: presence of a new lineage of schistosome and use of the Indoplanorbis exustus species complex of snail hosts". International Journal for Parasitology. 45 (13): 857–870. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.07.008. PMC 4651714. PMID 26385438.