Sea Killer

Contraves Italiana, an Italian subsidiary of the Swiss armaments company Oerlikon Contraves, began development of a short-ranged - 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) - ship-based anti-ship missile system, named Nettuno in 1963. Guidance of Nettuno was by beam riding for course control, with altitude controlled automatically by an onboard radar altimeter, allowing the missile to carry out sea-skimming attacks. Command guidance was an alternative guidance method if jamming made the beam-riding method unusable. In 1965, Contraves Italiana began work on an improved missile, Vulcano, which used the same guidance system, but included a two-stage (booster + sustainer) rocket motor to give a longer (25 kilometres (16 mi)) range. Both missiles could be fired from a five-round trainable launcher.[2][3]

Testing of Nettuno began in 1966,[4] with a trial installation being made on the Freccia-class patrol boat Saetta of the Italian navy, with the five-round launcher replacing a Bofors 40 mm gun.[5] Testing of Vulcano began in 1969.[1]

The Iranian frigate Sabalan showing the five round launcher for Sea Killer missiles

In 1967, the Italian company Sistel (Sistemi Elettronici) was set up as a joint venture by five Italian companies, including Contraves Italiana, and the missile division of Contraves Italina was transferred to Sistel, along with the Nettuno and Vulcano missiles in 1969.[6] Nettuno and Vulcano were renamed Sea Killer Mark 1 and 2 respectively for export, and these names gradually replaced the older names.[7]

Sea Killer Mark 2 was purchased by Iran to arm its Saam class of four frigates, each of which was fitted with a single five-round launcher.[8] No other sales of the ship-based version were made,[9] but development of Sea Killer Mark 2 into an all-weather anti-ship missile to equip the Italian Navy's helicopters began in 1967,[10] with the helicopter-based weapon system being named Marte.[11]

Marte entered service with the Italian Navy in 1977, with its Sikorsky SH-3 Sea Kings being fitted with two Sea Killer Mark 2 missiles.[12] In 1983, a new version, Marte 2, was announced, with the beam-riding guidance replaced by an active radar homing seeker based on that used by the Otomat anti-ship missile.[12][13] Testing of Marte 2 started in 1984,[14] and the missile entered service with the Italian Navy in 1987.[12]

A Marte ER on display aboard an Italian FREMM multipurpose frigate

The Marte ER, an improvement on the missile family, replaced the rocket motor with Williams WJ-24-8G turbojet propulsion and added a new ISO-caliber cylinder cell, which made it shorter in length but extended its range to over 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi). Fitting trials of the Marte-ER onto the NH90 helicopter, which can carry two missiles, occurred in June 2014; a larger anti-ship missile like the Exocet was rejected for integration as physically too long and heavy. In November 2015, a Eurofighter Typhoon was fit-tested for a fixed-wing version of the missile called the Marte-ERP, which does not feature folding fins and sheds the booster for a larger 120 kg (265 lb) warhead with penetrating and sector-blast properties; though smaller than other options like the Harpoon and RBS-15, a fighter can carry six Marte-ERPs (or four with fuel tanks) compared to two or three larger missiles.[15][16][17][18]

Iran's Sea Killer Mk 2 saw combat service during the Iran–Iraq War, being used to attack merchant shipping in the Persian Gulf, with at least six ships being hit.[9][12]

Sea Killer Mark 1

Short-range beam riding ship-launched anti-ship missile. 10 km range, 35 kilograms (77 lb) warhead. Also designated Nettuno.[2][4]

Sea Killer Mark 2

Increased range beam-riding ship-launched anti-ship missile with improved two stage rocket. 25+ km range, 70 kilograms (150 lb) warhead. Also designated Vulcano.[1][2]

Marte 1

Helicopter launched beam riding anti-ship missile, based on Sea Killer Mark 2.[12]

Marte 2

Improved version of Marte, with active radar homing seeker in bulged nose.[12]

• Marte 2S

"Short" version of Marte 2 enabling simpler on-board integration onto helicopters.[16]

• Marte 2A

Modified version of Marte 2 for launch from fixed wing aircraft, with booster rocket omitted.[12]

• Marte 2N

Version of Marte 2 as a surface-to-surface naval missile system for littoral operations.[16]

Marte ER

Turbojet engine Williams WR WJ-24-8G extends range to over 100 km, weight of 315 kilograms, first tested in 9 November 2018.[15][19]

Marte ERP

Proposed Marte ER for fixed-wing aircraft with a larger warhead in place of the rocket booster.[15]

 Iran

• 160 Sea Killer/Marte Mk 2 Vulcano, delivered between 1971-1972 for Saam frigates[12][20]

 Italy

• Sea Killer Mk 1 Nettuno (evaluation).[7]
• 450 Marte Mk 1 delivered since 1977 for use on SH-3D helicopters
• 180 Marte Mk 2, delivered since 1987 for use on SH-3D helicopters[12]
• 39 Marte Mk 2/S delivered since 2007 for use on AW-101 & SH-90 helicopters

 Qatar

• Marte ER, MOU signed 30 March 2016 for coastal defence system[21]
• (50) Marte ER in 2018 deal for NH-90 NFH helicopters

 Senegal

• Marte Mk2/N for use on 3 OPV58S OPV[22]

 Turkmenistan

• (25) Sea Killer/Marte Mk2/N at least 25 delivered for Dearsan 33m FAC[23][24]

 United Arab Emirates

• 100 Marte Mk2/N, February 2009 order, delivered in 2013 for 12 Ghannatha class Fast Patrol Boats
• (50) Marte Mk2/N order in February 2017, for 93,6 million dollars, delivered in 2018/2019 for 12 Ghannatha class Fast Patrol Boats[24]

 Venezuela

• 100 Sea Killer/Marte Mk1 delivered between 1980-1982 for AB-212ASW helicopters[12]

• Gabriel (missile)
• Sea Skua
• Teseo
• Exocet
• AS.34 Kormoran
• Penguin
• Uran

Media related to Sea Killer at Wikimedia Commons