Searches for Noah's Ark

Searches for Noah's Ark have been made from at least the time of Eusebius (c. 275–339) to the present day. Despite many expeditions,no physical proof of Noah's Ark has been found.[1][2] Many of the supposed findings and methods are regarded as pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology by geologists and archaeologists.[3][4][5]

Mount Ararat (39°42′N, 44°17′E), satellite image – a stratovolcano, 5,137 metres (16,854 ft) above sea level, prominence 3,611 metres (11,847 ft), believed to have erupted within the last 10,000 years. The main peak is at the centre of the image.

Conflicting opinions

Modern organized searches for the ark tend to originate in American evangelical circles. According to Larry Eskridge,

An interesting phenomenon that has arisen within twentieth-century conservative American evangelism – the widespread conviction that the ancient Ark of Noah is embedded in ice high atop Mount Ararat, waiting to be found. It is a story that has combined earnest faith with the lure of adventure, questionable evidence with startling claims. The hunt for the ark, like evangelism itself, is a complex blend of the rational and the supernatural, the modern and the premodern. While it acknowledges a debt to pure faith in a literal reading of the Scriptures and centuries of legend, the conviction that the Ark literally lies on Ararat is a recent one, backed by a largely twentieth-century canon of evidence that includes stories of shadowy eyewitnesses, tales of mysterious missing photographs, rumors of atheistic conspiracy, and pieces of questionable "ark wood" from the mountain. (...) Moreover, it skirts the domain of pop pseudoscience and the paranormal, making the attempt to find the ark the evangelical equivalent of the search for Bigfoot or the Loch Ness monster. In all these ways, it reveals much about evangelicals' distrust of mainstream science and the motivations and modus operandi of the scientific elite.[6]

Ark-seeker Richard Carl Bright considers the search for the ark a religious quest, dependent on God's blessing for its success. Bright is also confident that there is a multinational government conspiracy to hide the "truth" about the ark:

I firmly believe that the governments of Turkey, Russia, and the United States know exactly where the ark sits. They suppress the information, but (...) God is in charge. The structure will be revealed in its time. We climb the mountain and search, hoping it is, in fact, God's time as we climb. Use us, O Lord, is our prayer.[7]

Antiquity
Further information: Genesis flood narrative, Noah's Ark, and Mountains of Ararat

At the end of the Genesis flood narrative, when the flooding subsides, the Ark is said to come to rest "on the mountains of Ararat."[8] The Book of Jubilees specifies a particular mountain, naming it "Lûbâr".[9] The Torah does not describe any particular holiness about the Ark, and so little attention is given to its fate after Noah's departure.[10]

According to the Talmud, the Assyrian king Sennacherib found a beam from the Ark and, reasoning that it was the god who delivered Noah from the flood, fashioned the wood into an idol.[11] This expands upon the biblical account of Sennacherib worshiping in the temple of Nisroch, interpreting the god's name to be derived from the Hebrew word neser ("beam").[12] A Midrash regarding the Book of Esther says that the gallows erected by Haman was built using a beam from the Ark.[13][10]

Opinions on the location of "the mountains of Ararat" have varied since antiquity. Interpretations of the Noah story were influenced by the Armenian flood myth about Masis, and the Syrian version about Qardu in Corduene, until these locations became conflated.[14]:336 The targumim for Genesis 8 interpret "Ararat" as "Qadron" and "Kardu" (i.e., Corduene).[15][16][17]:233 In his recounting of the Flood, Josephus seeks to link the story of Noah to the Sumerian flood myth as described by Berossus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Mnaseas of Patrae, and Nicolaus of Damascus, thereby placing Noah's Ark on a mountain in Armenia, where he says relics from the ship are exhibited "to this day."[18]:43–47[19]:329–330 However, Josephus later describes Carrhae as the location of the Ark, again claiming that the locals would show the remains to visitors.[20]:237 Jerome of Stridon translated "Ararat" as "Armenia" in the Vulgate[21], whereas the Armenians themselves associated Noah's Ark with Corduene until the 11th century.[14]:336 The Quran describes the Ark landing on "al-jūdī," which is understood to refer to Qardu, now known as Mount Judi.[22][23]:683–684

In the early Christian church, stories about the remains of Noah's Ark were regarded as evidence that the ship had been located, identified, and preserved in some form. This became useful in Christian apologetics for affirming the events of the Pentateuch as fact.[24]:6–7 Epiphanius of Salamis wrote: "Thus even today the remains of Noah’s ark are still shown in Cardyaei."[25]:48[26]:75–77 Similarly, John Chrysostom proposed to ask non-believers: "Have you heard of the Flood--of that universal destruction? That was not just a threat, was it? Did it not really come to pass---was not this mighty work carried out? Do not the mountains of Armenia testify to it, where the the Ark rested? And are not the remains of the Ark preserved there to this very day for our admonition?"[26]:78 However, with the widespread adoption of Christianity in Europe, the apologetic value of Ark relics diminished, as there were far fewer non-believers to persuade.[24]:7

Middle Ages and early modern period

Marco Polo (1254–1324) wrote in his book, The Travels of Marco Polo:

In the heart of the Armenian mountain range, the mountain's peak is shaped like a cube (or cup), on which Noah's ark is said to have rested, whence it is called the Mountain of Noah's Ark. It [the mountain] is so broad and long that it takes more than two days to go around it. On the summit the snow lies so deep all the year round that no one can ever climb it; this snow never entirely melts, but new snow is for ever falling on the old, so that the level rises.

Sir Walter Raleigh, writing c. 1616, made a laborious argument taking up several whole chapters of his History of the World, that the term "Mountains of Ararat" originally encompassed all the adjoining and taller ranges of Asia, and that Noah's Ark could only have landed in the Orient – especially since Armenia is not technically east of the plain of Shinar (or Mesopotamia), but more northwest.

19th-century expeditions

The first recorded ascent of Ararat was led by Friedrich Parrot in 1829.[27]:iv In his account of the expedition, Parrot wrote that "all the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah's Ark remains to this very day on the top of Ararat, and that, in order to preserve it, no human being is allowed to approach it."[27]:162

James Bryce scaled Ararat in 1876.[28]:293–294 On his ascent, he discovered "a piece of wood about four feet long and five inches thick, evidently cut by some tool, and so far above the limit of trees that it could by no possibility be a natural fragment of one." Bryce cut off a portion of the wood to keep, and later argued that it might plausibly be a remnant of Noah's ark. Although he admitted another explanation for the wood had occurred to him, he determined that "no man is bound to discredit his own relic."[28]:280–281

In 1883, George McCullagh Reed published two articles for the New Zealand Herald claiming that Noah's Ark had been found.[29]:59–60 For the purposes of the hoax, Reed claimed that a London telegram had relayed a story from the Levant Herald about "Commissioners appointed by the Turkish Government" investigating a series of avalanches that had revealed a large wooden structure at Mount Ararat.[30] The story continues to be circulated, often with the text of Reed's original article attributed to the "British Prophetic Messenger."[31][32]:111[33]

Modern searches (1949–present)
The structure claimed to be Noah's Ark at the Durupınar site, Agri, Turkey

Searches since the mid-20th century have been largely supported by evangelical, millenarian churches and sustained by ongoing popular interest, faith-based magazines, lecture tours, videos and occasional television specials.

  • In 1949, Aaron J. Smith, dean of the People's Bible College in Greensboro, NC, led an unsuccessful expedition to locate the ark.[34]
  • Former astronaut James Irwin led two expeditions to Ararat in the 1980s, and was kidnapped once, but found no tangible evidence of the Ark. "I've done all I possibly can," he said, "but the Ark continues to elude us."
  • In the 1980s and 1990s, the Durupınar site was heavily promoted by Ron Wyatt. It receives a steady stream of visitors and according to the local authorities a nearby mountain is called "Mount Cudi" (or Judi), making it one of about five Mount Judis in the land of Kurdistan. Geologists have identified the Durupınar site as a natural formation.[35]

In the late 1990s, an Australian geologist, Ian Plimer, announced he would challenge creation scientists over the Durupinar site. Plimer sued under Australia's Trade Practices Act saying material from Sydney-based creationist Allen Roberts' "Ark Search" were "misleading and deceptive". The courts ruled that Roberts had made false claims, including a false claim to have commissioned or conducted research into the geological formation using sonar and false claims to have found nails and animal hairs. (Plimer said he found golf tees and other plastic trash in mud from the site. However, the judge ruled Roberts' work was not "trade or commerce" and dismissed the case, ordering Plimer to pay court costs.[36] Wyatt's Ark Discovery Institute continues to champion the structure being a gigantic fossilised boat.[37]

  • In 2004, Honolulu-based businessman Daniel McGivern announced he would finance a $900,000 expedition to the peak of Greater Ararat in July of that year to investigate the "Ararat anomaly" – he had previously paid for commercial satellite images of the site.[1] After much initial fanfare, he was refused permission by the Turkish authorities, as the summit is inside a restricted military zone. The expedition was subsequently labelled a "stunt" by National Geographic News, which pointed out that the expedition leader, a Turkish academic named Ahmet Ali Arslan, had previously been accused of faking evidence of the Ark for a CBS documentary.[2]
  • In June 2006, Bob Cornuke of the Bible Archeology Search and Exploration Institute (or BASE Institute) took a team of 14 American "business, law, and ministry leaders" to Iran to visit a site in the Alborz Mountains, purported to be a possible resting place of the Ark. The team claimed to have visited an "object" 13,000 feet above sea level, which had the appearance of blackened petrified wooden beams, and was "about the size of a small aircraft carrier" [400 ft long (120 m)], and supposedly consistent with the dimensions provided in Genesis of 300 cubits by 50 cubits.[38] BASE Institute identifies this site as the site found by Ed Davis. The team also claimed to have found fossilised sea creatures inside the petrified wood, and in the immediate vicinity of the site.[39] No one outside the expedition has offered independent confirmation, and apart from a few purported beams, no photographic images of this supposed Ark in its entirety have been made available (though short video segments have been made available).[40] The team's consensus on the "object" is not absolute; Reg Lyle, another expedition member, described the find as appearing to be "a basalt dike".[39] BASE states that it does not claim to have found the Ark, only a "candidate".[41]
  • In 2007, a joint Turkish-Hong Kong expedition including members of Noah's Ark Ministries International (NAMI) claimed to have found an unusual cave with fossilized wooden walls on Mount Ararat, well above the vegetation line.[42] In 2010, NAMI released videos of their discovery of the wood structures.[43] Members of Noah's Ark Ministries International reported carbon dating suggests the wood is approximately 4,800 years old. It is unlikely that there was any human settlement at the site at altitude of 4,000 meters.[44] Randall Price, a partner with Noah's Ark Ministries International from early 2008 to the summer of 2008, stated that the discovery was probably the result of a hoax, perpetrated by ten Kurdish workers hired by the Turkish guide used by the Chinese, who planted large wood beams taken from an old structure near the Black Sea at the cave site.[45][46] In a response to Price, Noah's Ark Ministries International stated that they had terminated co-operation with Price in early October 2008, and that he had never been in the location of the wooden structure they identified, and regretted his absence in their find. On their website they say they asked for the opinion of Mr. Muhsin Bulut, the Director of Cultural Ministries, Agri Province. The web site says that his response was that secretly transporting such an amount of timber to the strictly monitored area and planting a large wood structure at an altitude of 4,000 metres would have been impossible.[47] At the end of April 2010, it was reported that Turkey's culture minister ordered a probe into how NAMI brought its pieces of wood samples from Turkey to China.[48] A Scottish explorer investigating the NAMI claim was reported missing, on 14 October 2010, from an expedition on Ararat. His last camp site and personal effects were subsequently located but the circumstances remain unresolved.[49]

Unsubstantiated claims
A popular rumor claims that Nicholas II of Russia sent troops to locate Noah's Ark c. 1916–17. The historicity of this story, however, is disputed.
  • According to one story, Nicholas II of Russia sent an expedition to Mount Ararat in 1916–1918 to investigate the Ark. Allegedly, the reports were turned in to Leon Trotsky, who destroyed them. However, this tale claims that the expedition was launched just as the Russian Revolution broke out in Russia; the fact that Nicholas abdicated during the February Revolution at the beginning of March 1917 (Gregorian calendar) makes the story unlikely. A few sources put the date of the expedition at 1916, ("the Russian imperial air force ... is supposed to have sent 150 men up Mount Ararat in 1916 to explore a large object said to be as long as a city block", reads one).[24]:8 The story seems to have been first brought to widespread attention in 1945, when the magazine New Eden published the story, attributed it to "Vladimire Roskovitsky".[32]:82–83 According to Robert Moore: "However, [after the story was printed and popularized in 1945] serious questions and criticisms arose, and the fabric of the tale quickly began unraveling. By 1945, New Eden, where [the story] initially appeared, and at least two other magazines [that had also published the story], had printed retractions".[24]:8 Despite the evidence against the story as it appeared in New Eden, the tale is still a popular one.
  • In 1952, Pastor Harold Williams wrote a story he claimed had been told to him by Haji Yearam, an Armenian Seventh-Day Adventist who had moved to the United States. He let Williams take down his account four years before his death in 1920. According to the story, Yearam as a boy was with his father when they guided three English scientists to the ark in 1856. Upon finding the ark sticking out of a glacier near the summit of Ararat, these scientists were however dumbfounded and angry, since they were "vile men who did not believe in the Bible". Having come to Ararat to disprove the Scriptures, they now tried to destroy the ark, but were not able to. They then took an oath to keep the discovery a secret and murder anyone who revealed it. About 1918, Williams claimed he saw a newspaper article giving a scientist's deathbed confession, which independently corroborated Yearam's story. Harold Williams said he preserved both Yearam's account and the newspaper clipping until 1940, when both were lost in a fire, leaving the story hearsay on Williams's part. Despite a diligent search, the ca. 1918 newspaper article with the scientist's "confession" has never been located. The online archive of the old USENET newsgroup talk.origins makes note of the seeming vilification of unbelievers and regards it as suggestive of "religious propaganda".[50] An academic study notes "the melodrama of Haji Yearam's tale".[51]
  • In 1955, French explorer Fernand Navarra reportedly found a 5-foot wooden beam on Mount Ararat some 40 feet under the Parrot Glacier on the northwest slope and well above the treeline. The Forestry Institute of Research and Experiments of the Ministry of Agriculture in Spain certified the wood to be about 5,000 years old – a claim that is disputed by radio carbon dating, as two labs have dated the 1969 samples, one at 650 C.E. ± 50 years, the other at 630 C.E. ± 95 years.[52] Navarra's guide later revealed the French explorer bought the beam from a nearby village and carried it up the mountain.[53]
  • Around 1960, helicopter pilot George Greene claimed to have observed the Ark on Ararat in 1953. It was lying on the side of a vertical rock cliff at the 13,000 to 14,000 ft. level. He photographed it from the air and tried to mount an expedition, but his photographs failed to convince any investors. Greene was found drowned in a swimming pool in British Guiana in 1962, and his photographs have not been seen since. In The Ararat Report, February 1990, Ark investigator Bill Crouse listed various "phantom arks" on the mountain, including a formation that "does look like the prow of a huge ship. In reality, it is a huge chunk of basalt. We believe this is also the 'ark' seen by George Greene in 1953."[54]
  • In 1970, an Armenian, Georgie Hagopian, claimed to have visited the Ark twice c. 1908–10 (1902 in another version, and 1906 according to a segment in the TV series Unsolved Mysteries) with his uncle. Hagopian claimed that he had climbed up onto the Ark and walked along its roof and that some of his young friends had also seen it. The online archive of talk.origins[55] notes that "[t]he apparent ease of getting to the ark conflicts with the accounts of other explorers."[56]
  • Ed Davis,[57] a US army sergeant based at Hamadan in Iran during World War II, reported that he had climbed Mt. Ararat with his driver's family in 1943. After three days' climbing, the group camped 100 feet above the Ark and was able to look down into it but not to approach closely. According to Davis's description, it had broken into two pieces, which had been pushed some distance apart by glaciers. Its description roughly matched Hagopian's, judging by Elfred Lee's paintings. Lee also interviewed Ed Davis and created a painting based on Davis's descriptions. The structures in the paintings appear to match.[58]
  • On 20 February 1993, CBS aired a television special entitled The Incredible Discovery of Noah's Ark. Produced by Sun International Pictures, it was intended as an updated follow-up to In Search of Noah's Ark. Hosted by Darren McGavin, the special featured interviews with John C. Whitcomb, Philip C. Hammond, Charles Berlitz, David Coppedge, Carl Baugh and Tim LaHaye. One section was devoted to the claims of George Jammal, who showed what he called "sacred wood from the ark." Jammal's story of a dramatic mountain expedition which took the life of "his Polish friend Vladimir" was actually a deliberate hoax concocted with scholar Gerald Larue, and Jammal – who was really an actor – later revealed that his "sacred wood" was wood taken from railroad tracks in Long Beach, California and hardened by cooking with various sauces in an oven.[59][60][61]

See also

References
  1. Mayell, Hillary (27 April 2004). "Noah's Ark Found? Turkey Expedition Planned for Summer". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  2. Lovgren, Stefan (20 September 2004). "Noah's Ark Quest Dead in Water – Was It a Stunt?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  3. Fagan, Brian M.; Beck, Charlotte (1996). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195076184. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  4. Cline, Eric H. (2009). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199741076. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  5. Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313379192. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  6. Eskridge, Larry (1999). "A Sign for an Unbelieving Age: Evangelicals and the Search for Noah's Ark". In David N. Livingstone (ed.). Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective. D. G. Hart, Mark A. Noll. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780195353969.
  7. Bright, Richard Carl (2001). "Do the Locals Know?". Quest for Discovery: One Man's Epic Search for Noah's Ark. New Leaf. ISBN 9781614582045.
  8. Genesis 8:3–4
  9. "Book of Jubilees 7:1". Sefaria. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  10. Shurpin, Yehuda (27 October 2019). "What Happened to Noah's Ark?". Chabad.org. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  11. Talmud, b. Sanhedrin 96a
  12. 2 Kings 19:37
  13. Esther 5:14
  14. Conybeare, F. C. (April 1901). "Untitled review of Ararat und Masis. Studien zur armenischen Altertumskunde und Litteratur by Friedrich Murad". The American Journal of Theology. The University of Chicago Press. 5 (2): 335–337. JSTOR 3152410.
  15. "Targum Onkelos Genesis 8:4". Sefaria. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  16. "Targum Jonathan Genesis 8:4". Sefaria. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  17. Neusner, Jacob (July–September 1964). "The Jews in Pagan Armenia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 84 (3): 230–240. doi:10.2307/596556. JSTOR 596556.
  18. Josephus, Titus Flavius (1961) [circa 93-94 CE]. Jewish Antiquities, Books I-IV. Josephus. Vol. IV. Translated by Thackeray, H. St. J. London: William Heinemann. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  19. Büchler, Adolf (January 1897). "The Sources of Josephus for the History of Syria (In "Antiquities," XII, 3-XIII, 14)". The Jewish Quarterly Review. University of Pennsylvania. 9 (2): 311–349. JSTOR 1450594.
  20. Josephus, Titus Flavius. Complete works of Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews; The wars of the Jews against Apion, etc., etc. Vol. III. New York: Bigelow, Brown & Co. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  21. "Genesis 8:4 (Latin Vulgate)". LatinVulgate.Com. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  22. Quran 11:44 (Translated by Pickthall)
  23. Reynolds, Gabriel Said (October–December 2004). "A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingana". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 124 (4): 675–689. JSTOR 4132112.
  24. Moore, Robert A. (Fall 1981). "Arkeology: A New Science in Support of Creation?" (PDF). Creation/Evolution. Vol. 2 no. 4 VI. pp. 6–15. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  25. Epiphanius of Salamis (2009). Thomassen, Einar; van Oort, Johannes (eds.). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Book I (Sects 1-46). Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Vol. 63. Translated by Williams, Frank. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 9789004170179. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  26. Montgomery, John Warwick (1974) [1972]. The Quest for Noah's Ark (2 ed.). Minneapolis: Dimension Books. ISBN 0871234777. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  27. Parrot, Friedrich (1859) [1834]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by Cooley, W. D. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  28. Bryce, James (1896) [1877]. Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in the Autumn of 1876 (4th ed., revised ed.). London: MacMillan and Co. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  29. Benbow, Hannah-Lee (2009). "I Like New Zealand Best": London Correspondents for New Zealand Newspapers, 1884-1942 (Master of Arts in History). University of Canterbury. doi:10.26021/5181. hdl:10092/3047. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  30. Aalten, Gerrit (11 February 2020). "1883 Noah's Ark Discovery Hoax". Ark InSight. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  31. Berlitz, Charles (1987). The Lost Ship of Noah: In Search of the Ark at Ararat. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 25. ISBN 0-399-13182-5. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  32. Noorbergen, Rene (2004) [1974]. The Ark File. New York: TEACH Services. ISBN 9781572582668. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  33. Castellano, Michael. "News from Constantinople". www.arkonararat.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  34. "Russia: Suspicion On The Mount". Time. 25 April 1949. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  35. Collins, Lorence Gene; Fasold, David Franklin (1996). "Bogus "Noah's Ark" from Turkey Exposed as a Common Geologic Structure". Journal of Geoscience Education. Vol. 44 no. 4. pp. 439–444. doi:10.5408/1089-9995-44.4.439. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  36. Dayton, Leigh (7 June 1997). "Ark verdict spells ruin for geologist". New Scientist. No. 2085. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  37. Wyatt Archeological Research Archived 3 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  38. "Has Noah's Ark Been Found?". ABC News. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  39. Howse, Brannon (16 June 2006). "Noah's Ark? For Real". Worldview Weekend. Archived from the original on 3 July 2006.
  40. Dialup and broadband video footage from BASE
  41. "Noah's Ark: The Ark of Noah in Iran?". BASE. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  42. "Query 5: Are there any details of the discovery exactly confirm with eyewitness accounts in record?". NoahsArkSearch.net. Noah's Ark Ministries International. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  43. NoahsArkSearch (6 May 2010). Noahs Ark found in Turkey 7 Spaces were Discovered 探索隊新考據，七度空間曝光. YouTube. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  44. Kelly, Cathal (27 April 2010). "Noah's Ark found, researchers claim". Toronto Star. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  45. 挪亞方舟殘骸被指造假 影音使團反駁前拍檔. 香港新浪新聞 (in Chinese). 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  46. Tigay, Chanan (29 April 2010). "Ex-Colleague: Expedition Faked Noah's Ark Find". AOL News. AOL. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  47. "Statement of Noah's Ark Ministries International (NAMI) on Randall Price's recently released document "The Alleged Discovery of a Wooden Structure on Mt. Ararat by a Chinese-Turkish Expedition that is claimed to be the Remains of Noah's Ark"". NoahsArkSearch.net. Noah's Ark Ministries International. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  48. Kurczy, Stephen (30 April 2010). "Chinese explorers stand by claim of Noah's Ark find in Turkey". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  49. McKenzie, Steven (30 November 2010). "Weather hits search for Noah's Ark man Donald Mackenzie". BBC News. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  50. Isaak, Mark, ed. (7 May 2003). "CH505.1: Yeararm and the ark". An Index to Creationist Claims. TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  51. Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective, edited by David N. Livingstone et al., Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 250
  52. Isaak, Mark, ed. (7 May 2003). "CH504.2: Navarra's wood from Ararat". An Index to Creationist Claims. TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  53. "Flood of Noah Confirmed?". Ooparts (out of place artifacts) & Ancient High Technology--Evidence of Noah's Flood?. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  54. Crouse, Bill, ed. (February–March 1990). "Phantom Arks On Ararat" (PDF). The Ararat Report. No. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  55. Isaak, Mark, ed. (7 May 2003). "CH505.4: Hagopian and the Ark". An Index to Creationist Claims. TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  56. Hagopian, however, claims that he visited during drought period and that only the mountain's peak was covered in snow
  57. Noah's Ark Search – Mount Ararat
  58. Mount Ararat Photo Album
  59. Jammal, George. "Hoaxing The Hoaxers: or, The Incredible (phony) Discovery of Noah's Ark". Atheist Alliance International. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  60. Cerone, Daniel (30 October 1993). "Admitting "Noah's Ark" Hoax". Los Angeles Times.
  61. Rosenberg, Howard (1 November 1993). "Will CBS Realize the Error of its Ways?". Los Angeles Times.

Further reading
  • Cummings, Violet M., Noah's Ark: Fable or Fact?, (1972) ISBN 0-8007-8183-X

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