Secure Hash Algorithms
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), including:
- SHA-0: A retronym applied to the original version of the 160-bit hash function published in 1993 under the name "SHA". It was withdrawn shortly after publication due to an undisclosed "significant flaw" and replaced by the slightly revised version SHA-1.
- SHA-1: A 160-bit hash function which resembles the earlier MD5 algorithm. This was designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) to be part of the Digital Signature Algorithm. Cryptographic weaknesses were discovered in SHA-1, and the standard was no longer approved for most cryptographic uses after 2010.
- SHA-2: A family of two similar hash functions, with different block sizes, known as SHA-256 and SHA-512. They differ in the word size; SHA-256 uses 32-byte words where SHA-512 uses 64-byte words. There are also truncated versions of each standard, known as SHA-224, SHA-384, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256. These were also designed by the NSA.
- SHA-3: A hash function formerly called Keccak, chosen in 2012 after a public competition among non-NSA designers. It supports the same hash lengths as SHA-2, and its internal structure differs significantly from the rest of the SHA family.
The corresponding standards are FIPS PUB 180 (original SHA), FIPS PUB 180-1 (SHA-1), FIPS PUB 180-2 (SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512). NIST has updated Draft FIPS Publication 202, SHA-3 Standard separate from the Secure Hash Standard (SHS).
Comparison of SHA functions
In the table below, internal state means the "internal hash sum" after each compression of a data block.
| Algorithm and variant | Output size (bits) |
Internal state size (bits) |
Block size (bits) |
Rounds | Operations | Security (in bits) against collision attacks | Capacity against length extension attacks |
Performance on Skylake (median cpb)[1] | First published | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| long messages | 8 bytes | ||||||||||
| MD5 (as reference) | 128 | 128 (4 × 32) | 512 | 64 | And, Xor, Rot, Add (mod 232), Or | ≤18 (collisions found)[2] | 0 | 4.99 | 55.00 | 1992 | |
| SHA-0 | 160 | 160 (5 × 32) | 512 | 80 | And, Xor, Rot, Add (mod 232), Or | <34 (collisions found) | 0 | ≈ SHA-1 | ≈ SHA-1 | 1993 | |
| SHA-1 | <63 (collisions found)[3] | 3.47 | 52.00 | 1995 | |||||||
| SHA-2 | SHA-224 SHA-256 | 224 256 | 256 (8 × 32) | 512 | 64 | And, Xor, Rot, Add (mod 232), Or, Shr | 112 128 | 32 0 | 7.62 7.63 | 84.50 85.25 | 2004 2001 |
| SHA-384 SHA-512 | 384 512 | 512 (8 × 64) | 1024 | 80 | And, Xor, Rot, Add (mod 264), Or, Shr | 192 256 | 128 (≤ 384) 0[4] | 5.12 5.06 | 135.75 135.50 | 2001 | |
| SHA-512/224 SHA-512/256 | 224 256 | 112 128 | 288 256 | ≈ SHA-384 | ≈ SHA-384 | 2012 | |||||
| SHA-3 | SHA3-224 SHA3-256 SHA3-384 SHA3-512 | 224 256 384 512 | 1600 (5 × 5 × 64) | 1152 1088 832 576 | 24[5] | And, Xor, Rot, Not | 112 128 192 256 | 448 512 768 1024 | 8.12 8.59 11.06 15.88 | 154.25 155.50 164.00 164.00 | 2015 |
| SHAKE128 SHAKE256 | d (arbitrary) d (arbitrary) | 1344 1088 | min(d/2, 128) min(d/2, 256) | 256 512 | 7.08 8.59 | 155.25 155.50 | |||||
Validation
All SHA-family algorithms, as FIPS-approved security functions, are subject to official validation by the CMVP (Cryptographic Module Validation Program), a joint program run by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Canadian Communications Security Establishment (CSE).
References
- "Measurements table". bench.cr.yp.to.
- Tao, Xie; Liu, Fanbao; Feng, Dengguo (2013). Fast Collision Attack on MD5 (PDF). Cryptology ePrint Archive (Technical report). IACR.
- Stevens, Marc; Bursztein, Elie; Karpman, Pierre; Albertini, Ange; Markov, Yarik. The first collision for full SHA-1 (PDF) (Technical report). Google Research. Lay summary – Google Security Blog (February 23, 2017).
- Without truncation, the full internal state of the hash function is known, regardless of collision resistance. If the output is truncated, the removed part of the state must be searched for and found before the hash function can be resumed, allowing the attack to proceed.
- "The Keccak sponge function family". Retrieved 2016-01-27.