Seowon

Seowon (Korean: 서원; Hanja: 書院) were the most common educational institutions of Korea during the mid- to late Joseon Dynasty. They were private institutions, and combined the functions of a Confucian shrine and a preparatory school. In educational terms, the seowon were primarily occupied with preparing students for the national civil service examinations. In most cases, seowon served only pupils of the aristocratic yangban class. On 6 July 2019, UNESCO recognized a collection of nine seowon as a World Heritage Site.[1][2]

For the administrative division, see Seowon-gu.
Seowon
Dosan Seowon in Andong which was depicted on the reverse of the South Korean 1,000 South Korean won bill from 1975 to 2007.
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationSeowon
McCune–ReischauerSŏwŏn

History
Gosan seowon

Seowons first appeared in Korea in the early Joseon Dynasty. They were modeled after early private Chinese academies of classical learning shuyuan. The latter originated in the 8th century under the Tang dynasty and were later dismantled under the Yuan dynasty to become preparatory schools for the imperial examinations under government control.

Although the exact year of seowons introduction in Korea is not known for certain, in 1418 King Sejong issued rewards to two scholars for their work in setting up seowon in Gimje and Gwangju.[3] The first seowon to receive a royal charter was the Sosu Seowon in Punggi, presided over by Toegye, which was given a hanging board by King Myeongjong in 1550.[4]

Many seowon were established by leading literati, or by local groups of yangban families. For instance, Ju Se-bong established the Sosu Seowon, which continued in operation long after his death. Some of them were built by Sarim scholars who retired to villages in the wake of literati purges of 16th century and served as their political bases.

Most seowon were closed by an edict of the regent Daewon-gun in the turbulent final years of the 19th century. He banned the unauthorized construction of seowon in 1864, and removed their tax exemption in 1868; finally, in 1871, he ordered all but a handful closed.[5] The provincial yangban were outraged by these measures, and this is among the reasons that Daewon-gun was driven from power in 1873; however, the seowon remained closed.

World Heritage Site
Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies
UNESCO World Heritage Site
IncludesNine seowon sites in South Korea
CriteriaCultural: (iii)
Reference1498
Inscription2019 (43rd session)
Area102.49 ha (253.3 acres)
Buffer zone796.74 ha (1,968.8 acres)

Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies is a World Heritage Site consisting of a selection of nine seowon:[2][6]

Notes
  1. "Seven more cultural sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. 6 July 2019.
  2. "Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  3. Park et al. (2002), p. 70.
  4. Park et al. (2002), p. 70; (1984), p. 207.
  5. (1984), p. 262.
  6. "Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies: Multiple locations". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 6 July 2019.

References
  • Lee, Ki-baik (tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Shultz) (1984). A New History of Korea (rev. ed.). Seoul: Ilchokak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0.
  • Park Eui-soo (박의수), Kang Seung-kyu (강승규), Jeong Yeong-su (정영수), Kang Seon-bo (강선보) (2002). 교육의 역사와 철학 (Gyoyugui yeoksawa cheolhak, History of education and philosophy). Seoul: Dongmunsa. ISBN 89-8251-161-X.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Seoul National University Educational Research Institute (서울대학교교육연구소) (1997). 한국교육사 (Han-guk gyoyuksa, History of Korean education). Seoul: Gyoyuk Gwahaksa. ISBN 89-8287-130-6.

See also
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