Silly Symphony

Silly Symphony is a series of 75 animated musical short films produced by Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1939. As their name implies, the Silly Symphonies were originally intended as whimsical accompaniments to pieces of music.[1] As such, the films usually had independent continuity and did not feature continuing characters, unlike the Mickey Mouse shorts produced by Disney at the same time (exceptions to this include Three Little Pigs, The Tortoise and the Hare, and Three Orphan Kittens, which all had sequels). The series is notable for its innovation with Technicolor and the multiplane motion picture camera, as well as its introduction of the character Donald Duck making his first appearance in the Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen in 1934. Seven shorts won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[1]

1935 series poster

The series also spawned a Disney media franchise that included the Silly Symphony newspaper comic strip distributed by King Features Syndicate, the Dell comic book series Silly Symphonies, as well as several children's books, many of which were based on Silly Symphony cartoons.

The Silly Symphonies returned to theatres with its re-issues and re-releases, and eventually tied with Joseph Barbera and William Hanna's Tom and Jerry's record for most Oscar wins for a cartoon series in the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film category.

Production

Within the animation industry, the series is known for its use by Walt Disney as a platform for experimenting with processes, techniques, characters, and stories in order to further the art of animation. It also provided a venue to try out techniques and technologies, such as Technicolor, special effects animation, and dramatic storytelling in animation, that would be crucial to Disney's plans to eventually begin making feature-length animated films.[1]

Shortly after the switch to United Artists, the series became even more popular. Walt Disney had seen some of Dr. Herbert Kalmus' tests for a new three-strip, full-color Technicolor process, which would replace the previous two-tone Technicolor process. Disney signed a contract with Technicolor which gave the Disney studio exclusive rights to the new three-strip process through the end of 1935, and had a 60% complete Symphony, Flowers and Trees, scrapped and redone in full color. Flowers and Trees was the first animated film to use the three-strip Technicolor process,[2] and was a phenomenal success. Within a year, the now-in-Technicolor Silly Symphonies series had popularity and success that matched (and later surpassed) that of the Mickey Mouse cartoons. The contract Disney had with Technicolor would also later be extended another five years as well.[3]

The success of Silly Symphonies would be tremendously boosted after Three Little Pigs was released in 1933 and became a box office sensation; the film was featured in movie theaters for several months and also featured the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[4] Several Silly Symphonies entries, including Three Little Pigs (1933), The Grasshopper and the Ants (1934), The Tortoise and the Hare (1935), The Country Cousin (1936), The Old Mill (1937), Wynken, Blynken, and Nod (1938), and The Ugly Duckling (1939, with an earlier black-and-white version from 1931), are among the most notable films produced by Walt Disney.

Due to problems related to Disney's scheduled productions of cartoons, a deal was made with Harman and Ising to produce three Silly Symphonies: Merbabies, Pipe Dreams, and The Little Bantamweight. Only one of these cartoons, Merbabies, ended up being bought by Disney, the remaining two Harman-Ising Silly Symphonies were then sold to MGM who released them as Happy Harmonies cartoons.[5] Disney ceased production of Silly Symphonies in 1939.[6]

Distribution

The series was first distributed by Pat Powers from 1929 to 1930 and released by Celebrity Productions (1929–1930) indirectly through Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was musical novelty, and the musical scores of the first cartoons were composed by Carl Stalling.[7]

Columbia Pictures

After viewing "The Skeleton Dance", the manager at Columbia Pictures quickly became interested in distributing the series, and gained the perfect opportunity to acquire Silly Symphonies after Disney broke with Celebrity Productions head Pat Powers after Powers signed Disney's colleague Ub Iwerks to a studio contract. Columbia Pictures (1930–1932) agreed to pick up the direct distribution of the Mickey Mouse series on the condition that they would have exclusive rights to distribute the Silly Symphonies series; at first, Silly Symphonies could not even come close to the popularity Mickey Mouse had. The original title cards to the shorts released by Celebrity Productions and Columbia Pictures were all redrawn after Walt Disney stopped distributing his cartoons through them. Meanwhile, more competition spread for Disney after Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character Betty Boop began to gain more and more popularity after starring in the cartoon Minnie the Moocher; by August 1932, Betty Boop became so popular that the Talkartoon series was renamed as Betty Boop cartoons.

United Artists

In 1932, after falling out with Columbia Pictures, Disney began distributing his products through United Artists. UA refused to distribute the Silly Symphonies unless Disney associated Mickey Mouse with them somehow, resulting in the "Mickey Mouse presents a Silly Symphony" title cards and posters that introduced and promoted the series during its five-year run for UA. United Artists also agreed to double the budget for each cartoon from $7,500 to $15,000.[8]

RKO Radio Pictures

In 1937, Disney signed a distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures to distribute the Silly Symphony cartoons, along with the Mickey Mouse series. RKO would continue to distribute until the end of the series in 1939.

Home media

Several Symphonies have been released in home media. For instance, the original Dumbo VHS included Father Noah's Ark, The Practical Pig and Three Orphan Kittens as bonus shorts to make up for the film's short length. In the UK, several Symphonies were released in compilations under Walt Disney Home Video's "Storybook Favourites" brand. The three "Storybook Favourites Shorts" volumes released included among others, Three Little Pigs, The Tortoise and the Hare and the remake of The Ugly Duckling. Most home media releases of various Disney films also include Symphonies as bonus shorts.

On December 4, 2001 - one day before the 100th anniversary of Walt Disney's birth - Disney released "Silly Symphonies" as part of its DVD series "Walt Disney Treasures". On December 19, 2006, "More Silly Symphonies" was released, completing the collection and allowing the cartoons to be completely available to the public.[1]

List of films

The Silly Symphonies are listed here in production order.

# Film Original release date Director Music Notes Running time (minutes) Based on
1 The Skeleton Dance August 22, 1929 Walt Disney Carl Stalling
  • First entry in the Silly Symphony series.
  • The soundtrack was recorded in February 1929 in New York.
 5:31
2 El Terrible Toreador September 26, 1929
  • The first Silly Symphony to have its soundtrack recorded in Los Angeles.
 6:14
3 Springtime October 24, 1929 Ub Iwerks 6:14
4 Hell's Bells November 21, 1929 5:49
5 The Merry Dwarfs December 19, 1929 Walt Disney 5:57
6 Summer January 16, 1930 Ub Iwerks 5:51
7 Autumn February 15, 1930
  • The last Silly Symphony to be completed before Ub Iwerks and Carl Stalling left the studio. Their sudden departures caused delays in production.
 6:24
8 Cannibal Capers March 20, 1930 Burt Gillett Bert Lewis
  • Production on this and several other Silly Symphonies were delayed due to the sudden departures of Ub Iwerks and Carl Stalling.
 5:56
9 Night July 31, 1930 Walt Disney
  • Originally released with blue tinting.[9]
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of April 10th.
 6:53
10 Frolicking Fish June 21, 1930 Burt Gillett
  • Originally released with green tinting.[9]
  • It was on this film that animator Norm Ferguson discovered the "follow-thru" animation technique that allowed for characters to move more naturally.
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of May 8th.
 6:02
11 Arctic Antics June 27, 1930 Ub Iwerks (Possibly)
Burt Gillett (Possibly)
  • The animators' draft lists Ub Iwerks as the director, even though he left the studio before animation began.
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of June 5th.
 7:00
12 Midnight in a Toy Shop August 16, 1930 Wilfred Jackson
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of July 3rd.
 7:34
13 Monkey Melodies September 26, 1930 Burt Gillett
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of August 10th.
 7:00
14 Winter October 30, 1930
15 Playful Pan December 27, 1930
16 Birds of a Feather February 3, 1931
17 Mother Goose Melodies April 16, 1931 Mother Goose
18 The China Plate May 23, 1931 Wilfred Jackson Frank Churchill
19 The Busy Beavers June 30, 1931 Burt Gillett
20 The Cat's Out July 28, 1931 Wilfred Jackson
  • The film's working title was The Cat's Out, and the current vault print features that title in its credits. However, it was copyrighted and released as The Cat's Nightmare.
21 Egyptian Melodies August 27, 1931
22 The Clock Store September 28, 1931
23 The Spider and the Fly October 23, 1931
24 The Fox Hunt November 20, 1931 Frank Churchill
25 The Ugly Duckling December 17, 1931 The Ugly Duckling
26 The Bird Store January 16, 1932 Frank Churchill
27 The Bears and the Bees July 15, 1932
28 Just Dogs August 12, 1932 Burt Gillett Bert Lewis
29 Flowers and Trees July 30, 1932
30 Bugs in Love October 1, 1932 Bert Lewis
  • The last Silly Symphony to be produced in black-and-white.
31 King Neptune October 7, 1932
32 Babes in the Woods November 19, 1932
  • The last Silly Symphony to be recorded with Cinephone.
 Hansel and Gretel
33 Santa's Workshop December 10, 1932 Wilfred Jackson Frank Churchill
34 Birds in the Spring March 13, 1933 David Hand Bert Lewis
Frank Churchill
35 Father Noah's Ark April 8, 1933 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline Noah's Ark
36 Three Little Pigs May 27, 1933 Burt Gillett Frank Churchill Three Little Pigs
37 Old King Cole July 29, 1933 David Hand Frank Churchill
Bert Lewis
38 Lullaby Land August 19, 1933 Wilfred Jackson Frank Churchill
Leigh Harline
39 The Pied Piper September 16, 1933 Leigh Harline
40 The Night Before Christmas December 9, 1933
  • Was originally supposed to be released after The China Shop, but production was moved ahead in order to have it ready for a Christmastime release. As a result, both films were given each other's production numbers.
41 The China Shop January 13, 1934
42 The Grasshopper and the Ants February 10, 1934
  • The song featured in the film, "The World Owes Me a Living", would become a recurring theme for Goofy. Coincidentally, Pinto Colvig, the voice of Goofy, also voiced the Grasshopper in this film.
43 Funny Little Bunnies March 24, 1934 Frank Churchill
Leigh Harline
  • Was originally supposed to be released after The Big Bad Wolf, but production was moved ahead in order to have it ready for an Easter release. As a result, both films were given each other's production numbers.
44 The Big Bad Wolf April 14, 1934 Burt Gillett Frank Churchill Little Red Riding Hood
45 The Wise Little Hen May 3, 1934 (Carthay Circle Theatre)[10]
June 7, 1934[10]		 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
  • The debut appearance of Donald Duck.
  • Was originally supposed to be released after The Flying Mouse, but production was moved ahead for reasons unknown. As a result, both films were given each other's production numbers.
 The Little Red Hen
46 The Flying Mouse July 14, 1934 David Hand Frank Churchill
Bert Lewis
47 Peculiar Penguins September 1, 1934 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
48 The Goddess of Spring November 3, 1934 Leigh Harline
49 The Tortoise and the Hare January 5, 1935 Frank Churchill
50 The Golden Touch March 22, 1935 Walt Disney
51 The Robber Kitten April 20, 1935 David Hand
52 Water Babies May 11, 1935 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
53 The Cookie Carnival May 25, 1935 Ben Sharpsteen Leigh Harline
  • According to the Film Superlist: 1894-1939, this cartoon entered the public domain in 1963 when its copyright was not renewed.
54 Who Killed Cock Robin? June 29, 1935 David Hand Frank Churchill
55 Music Land October 5, 1935 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
56 Three Orphan Kittens October 26, 1935 David Hand Frank Churchill
57 Cock o' the Walk November 30, 1935 Ben Sharpsteen Frank Churchill
Alfred Hay Malotte
58 Broken Toys December 14, 1935 Ben Sharpsteen Alfred Hay Malotte
  • Was originally intended to follow Elmer Elephant and Three Little Wolves, but production moved ahead to have the film ready for a Christmastime release. As a result, this and the latter film switched production numbers.
59 Elmer Elephant March 28, 1936 Wilferd Jackson Leigh Harline
60 Three Little Wolves April 18, 1936 David Hand Frank Churchill The Boy Who Cried Wolf
61 Toby Tortoise Returns August 22, 1936 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
62 Three Blind Mouseketeers September 26, 1936 David Hand Alfred Hay Malotte
63 The Country Cousin October 31, 1936 David Hand
Wilfred Jackson		 Leigh Harline
64 Mother Pluto November 14, 1936 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
  • Originally designated part of the Mickey Mouse series, it was reclassified as a Silly Symphony just before release, with its original production number going to Don Donald.
65 More Kittens December 19, 1936 David Hand Frank Churchill
  • The film's production number was originally assigned to the Donald Duck short Don Donald.
66 Woodland Café March 13, 1937 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
67 Little Hiawatha May 15, 1937 David Hand Alfred Hay Malotte
  • The last Silly Symphony to be distributed by United Artists.
 The Song of Hiawatha
68 The Old Mill November 5, 1937 Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline
69 Wynken, Blynken and Nod May 27, 1938 Graham Heid
70 Moth and the Flame April 1, 1938 David Hand
Burt Gillett
Dick Heumer		 Alfred Hay Malotte
71 Merbabies December 9, 1938 Rudolf Ising, Vernon Stallings Scott Bradley
72 Farmyard Symphony October 14, 1938 Jack Cutting Leigh Harline
73 Mother Goose Goes Hollywood December 23, 1938 Wilfred Jackson Edward Plumb
74 The Practical Pig February 24, 1939 Duck Rickard Frank Churchill
Paul Smith
  • The Silly Symphony name doesn't appear on the opening titles, and is instead labeled a Three Little Pigs cartoon.
75 The Ugly Duckling April 7, 1939 Jack Cutting
Clyde Geronimi		 Alfred Hay Malotte The Ugly Duckling

Reception

Disney's experiments were widely praised within the film industry, and the Silly Symphonies won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film seven times, maintaining a six-year-hold on the category after it was first introduced. This record was matched only by MGM's Tom and Jerry series during the 1940s and 1950s.

Legacy

The Symphonies changed the course of Disney Studio history when Walt's plans to direct his first feature cartoon became problematic after his warm-up to the task The Golden Touch was widely seen (even by Disney himself) as stiff and slowly paced. This motivated him to embrace his role as being the producer and providing creative oversight (especially of the story) for Snow White while tasking David Hand to handle the actual directing.[11]

Silly Symphonies brought along many imitators, including Warner Bros. cartoon series Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, MGM's Happy Harmonies, and later, Universal's Swing Symphony.

Years later after the Silly Symphonies ended, Disney occasionally produced a handful of one-shot cartoons, playing the same style as the Silly Symphony series. Unlike the Silly Symphonies canon, most of these "Specials" have a narration, usually by Disney legend Sterling Holloway.

The 1999–2000 television series Mickey Mouse Works used the Silly Symphonies title for some of its new cartoons, but unlike the original cartoons, these did feature continuing characters.

Comic adaptations

A Sunday Silly Symphony comic strip ran in newspapers from January 10, 1932 to July 12, 1942.[12] The strip featured adaptations of some of the Silly Symphony cartoons, including Birds of a Feather, The Robber Kitten, Elmer Elephant, Farmyard Symphony and Little Hiawatha.[12] This strip began with a two-year sequence about Bucky Bug, a character based on the bugs in Bugs in Love.

There was also an occasional Silly Symphonies comic book, with nine issues published by Dell Comics from September 1952 to February 1959.[13] The first issue of this anthology comic featured adaptations of some Silly Symphony cartoons, including The Grasshopper and the Ants, Three Little Pigs, The Goddess of Spring and Mother Pluto, but it also included non-Symphony cartoons like Mickey Mouse's Brave Little Tailor.[14] By the third issue, there was almost no Symphony-related material in the book; the stories and activities were mostly based on other Disney shorts and feature films.

See also

References
  1. Merritt, Russell; Kaufman, J. B. (2016). Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies: A Companion to the Classic Cartoon Series (2nd ed.). Glendale, CA: Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4847-5132-9.
  2. Robertson, Patrick (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781608197385. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  3. "Glorious Technicolor 1932-1955". Widescreenmuseum.com. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  4. Three Little Pigs at the Disney archives
  5. Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators. ISBN 9781557836717. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  6. "Silly Symphonies at". Toonopedia.com. 1929-05-10. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  7. "The Birth of the Silly Symphonies, by Russell Merritt and J.B. Kaufman". Disney.go.com. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  8. Mosley, Leonard (1990). Disney's World. Scarborough House. p. 135. ISBN 9781589796560. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  9. Layton, James; Pierce, Davis (February 24, 2015). The Dawn of Technicolor 1915–1935. Rochester, New York: George Eastman Museum. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-935398-28-1.
  10. Kaufman, J.B. (June 8, 2020). "When's Your Birthday?". Cartoon Research. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  11. Walt Disney: The Animated Man by Michael Barrier
  12. Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 351. ISBN 9780472117567.
  13. "Silly Symphonies - Inducks". Inducks. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  14. "Silly Symphonies #1 - Inducks". Inducks. Retrieved 14 July 2019.

Further reading
  • Maltin, Leonard: The Disney Films. (Fourth edition.) New York: Disney Editions, 2000. ISBN 0-7868-8527-0.
  • Merritt, Russel – Kaufman, J. B.: Walt Disney’s Silly Symphonies: A Companion to the Classic Cartoons Series. Gemona: La Cinecita del Friuli, 2006. ISBN 88-86155-27-1.
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