Singulari Nos

Singulari Nos (subtitled On The Errors Of Lammenais) was an encyclical issued on June 25, 1834, by Pope Gregory XVI. Essentially a follow-up to the better-known Mirari Vos of 1832, Singulari Nos focused strongly on the views of French priest Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais, who did not see any contradiction between Catholicism and then-modern ideals of liberalism and the separation of Church and State.

Background

In October 1830 Lamennais, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert founded the newspaper, L'Avenir, which advocated an enlarged suffrage, separation of church and state, universal freedom of conscience, instruction, assembly, and the press, views were opposed by the French bishops. Despite being warned by Archbishop Quelen of Paris that their expectations were unrealistic, they sought support from Pope Gregory XVI.[1]

Although pressured by the French government and the French hierarchy, Pope Gregory XVI would have preferred not to make an official issue of the matter.[2] John Henry Newman described the situation in Rome at that time:

The French Revolution in July, 1830, had been followed in no long time by insurrection within the papal territories; Austria intervened to reduce the revolting cities; and France took possession of Ancona to keep Austria in check. These events placed the Sovereign Pontiff between two opposite dangers; his fears from France are intelligible enough; Austria, on the other hand, had always been supposed to covet the portion of the pontifical states on the north of the Apennines; and the suspicion had been so strong in Rome, in 1821, that the government had not allowed the Austrian forces to pass through the city on their way to Naples. Whilst then the Pope was in this unpleasant dilemma, Russia, according to M. de la Mennais, stepped in and offered her aid. She alleged that she could not possibly have any interested views as regards the Italian peninsula, either revolutionary or ambitious, and she offered to place a force at the Pope's disposal to defend him against all emergencies. In return she did but ask, that the Pope would take the part of the Autocrat against Poland, and instruct the Polish Roman bishops accordingly. The offer was accepted on the specified condition.[3]

Newman noted, "Nothing can be more discordant, less capable of a common measure, than a question of abstract religious truth, and a question of practice and matter of fact, in relation to the measures to be pursued by one secular power towards another; as discordant was the position of the Pope with that of the conductors of the Avenir."[3] Circulation of Lamannais's later account (1837) of his trip to Rome, Affaires de Rome, was prohibited in Prussia.[4]

In August 1832 Gregory issued the encyclical Mirari vos. General in scope, it upheld clerical celibacy, and raised concerns over too close alliances between the clergy and government. It denounced those who advocated divorce,[5] and secret societies that sought overturn the legitimate governments of the Italian states[6] It also denounced the views of Lemannais without specifically naming him. The encyclical satisfied neither Lamennais's supporters nor detractors.[1]

Paroles d'un croyant
Hugues-Felicité Robert de Lamennais (1826)

While Lamennais agreed to submit to the Pope in matters of faith and morals, he noticeably did not retract any of his political views. Although he ceased publication of L'Avenir, Lamennais continued to be attacked by French conservatives. In 1834 he responded with a short, biting book, Paroles d'un croyant (Words of a Believer), in which he denounced all authority, civil as well as ecclesiastical. The book was a sensation. Franz Liszt dedicated the piano piece "Lyon" (S156 1) to Lamennais.[7] Fyodor Dostoyevsky encouraged Alexander Milyukov to translate Words of a Believer into Church Slavonic.[8]

Encyclical

In early April 1834 when the French government attempted to suppress trade union activities, silk-weavers in Lyon rose in revolt. The government responded by arresting republican sympathizers in Paris and sending the army to put down the rising.[7]

The experience of the popes during the recent revolutions, being expelled from Rome, widespread unrest in the Papal States and temporal power to anti-Catholic forces, and the erosion of even spiritual allegiance, predisposed the reaction of the Papacy.[9] Gregory issued Singulari Nos on June 25. "We have learned of the pamphlet written in French under the title Paroles d'un croyant, for it has been printed by this man and disseminated everywhere. ... Though small in size, it is enormous in wickedness.[10] ... Once the torch of treason is ignited everywhere, it ruins public order, fosters contempt of government, and stimulates lawlessness."[11]

We have studied the book entitled Paroles d'un croyant. By Our apostolic power, We condemn the book: ... It corrupts the people by a wicked abuse of the word of God, to dissolve the bonds of all public order and to weaken all authority. It arouses, fosters, and strengthens seditions, riots, and rebellions in the empires. We condemn the book because it contains false, calumnious, and rash propositions which lead to anarchy; which are contrary to the word of God; which are impious, scandalous, and erroneous; and which the Church already condemned...[12]

The encyclical ends with plea for the author to recognize his errors.

Effects

Lamennais's brother Jean-Marie, by that time Superior General of the Mission Priests of the Immaculate Conception, repudiated Paroles and the two never met again.[13]

Paroles and Gregory's response effectively allowed no middle ground between the two positions. Few of Lamennais's associates were willing to follow him out of the Church.[13]

J.P.T. Bury finds it ironic that the most lasting effect of Lamennais's polemics was a strengthening of Ultramontanism. He notes that Dom Prosper Guéranger, who was an early Lemannais follower, became the principal agent of a liturgical revival and a uniform Roman Liturgy.[14] Lacordaire was instrumental in reestablishing the Dominican Order in France.

References
  1. Chadwick, Owen. "Gregory XVI", A History of the Popes, 1830-1914, Oxford University Press, 2003 ISBN 9780199262861
  2. Bernard, Cook. "Lamennais, Hugues-Felicité Robert de (1782-1854)", Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, (James Chastain, ed.), Ohio University, 2005
  3. Newman, John Henry. "Fall of de la Mennais", British Critic, October 1837
  4. "Abbé de la Mennais", The New-York Review, Vol. 2, (Lambert Lilly, Coleb Sprague Henry, Joseph Green Cogswell, eds.), George Dearborn & Co., 1838
  5. Mirari vos, §12.
  6. Gregory XVI, Mirari vos, Rome, August 15, 1832
  7. Merrick, Paul. Revolution and Religion in the Music of Liszt, CUP Archive, 1987 ISBN 9780521326278
  8. Frank, Joseph. Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860-1865, Vol. 3, Princeton University Press, 1986 ISBN 9780691014524
  9. Schultenover, S.J., David G., A View from Rome: On the Eve of the Modernist Crisis, New York: Fordham University Press, 1993
  10. Pope Gregory XVI, Singulari Nos, §2, June 25, 1834
  11. Singulari Nos, §4.
  12. Singulari Nos, §6.
  13. Harrison, Carol E., Romantic Catholics: France’s Postrevolutionary Generation in Search of a Modern Faith, Cornell University Press, 2014 ISBN 9780801470592
  14. Bury, J.P.T., "Religion and Relations of Churches and States", The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 10, CUP Archive, 1960 ISBN 9780521045483
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