Spectral space

Let X be a topological space and let K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) be the set of all compact open subsets of X. Then X is said to be spectral if it satisfies all of the following conditions:

• X is compact and T₀.
• K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) is a basis of open subsets of X.
• K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) is closed under finite intersections.
• X is sober, i.e. every nonempty irreducible closed subset of X has a (necessarily unique) generic point.

Let X be a topological space. Each of the following properties are equivalent to the property of X being spectral:

1. X is homeomorphic to a projective limit of finite T₀-spaces.
2. X is homeomorphic to the spectrum of a bounded distributive lattice L. In this case, L is isomorphic (as a bounded lattice) to the lattice K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) (this is called Stone representation of distributive lattices).
3. X is homeomorphic to the spectrum of a commutative ring.
4. X is the topological space determined by a Priestley space.
5. X is a T₀ space whose frame of open sets is coherent (and every coherent frame comes from a unique spectral space in this way).

Let X be a spectral space and let K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) be as before. Then:

• K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) is a bounded sublattice of subsets of X.
• Every closed subspace of X is spectral.
• An arbitrary intersection of compact and open subsets of X (hence of elements from K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X)) is again spectral.
• X is T₀ by definition, but in general not T₁.[1] In fact a spectral space is T₁ if and only if it is Hausdorff (or T₂) if and only if it is a boolean space if and only if K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X) is a boolean algebra.
• X can be seen as a pairwise Stone space.[2]

A spectral map f: X → Y between spectral spaces X and Y is a continuous map such that the preimage of every open and compact subset of Y under f is again compact.

The category of spectral spaces, which has spectral maps as morphisms, is dually equivalent to the category of bounded distributive lattices (together with morphisms of such lattices).[3] In this anti-equivalence, a spectral space X corresponds to the lattice K^{${\displaystyle \circ }$}(X).

• M. Hochster (1969). Prime ideal structure in commutative rings. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 142 43—60
• Johnstone, Peter (1982), "II.3 Coherent locales", Stone Spaces, Cambridge University Press, pp. 62–69, ISBN 978-0-521-33779-3.
• Dickmann, Max; Schwartz, Niels; Tressl, Marcus (2019). Spectral Spaces. New Mathematical Monographs. 35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316543870. ISBN 9781107146723.