Stepping (African-American)

Stepping finds its origins in a combination of military close-order and exhibition drill, and African foot dances such as the Welly "gumboot" dance. It also originally drew heavily from the stage routines and movements of popular R&B groups such as the Temptations and The Four Tops. During the mid-20th century, historically black fraternities and sororities on United States college campuses traditionally sang and chanted to celebrate "crossing over" into membership of their respective organizations. Stepping is also performed by schools, churches, cheerleading squads, and drill teams.

Stepping gained its distinctive percussive style after the 1739 Stono Rebellion in South Carolina.[1] There, 20 slaves organized a rebellion near the banks of Stono River, banging on drums as they marched down the streets. The noise attracted a larger crowd of slaves who joined the revolution, and also of white colonists who killed most of the rebels.[2] In the aftermath, lawmakers outlawed drumming as well as the right to own one, in order to eliminate it as a source of communication between slaves. Following the ban, the percussive dance form (known today as stepping) began to emerge as slaves replaced the drums with their bodies.[1][2]

In the early 1900s, the inception of black Greek organizations changed stepping into the style that many recognize today.[1] NPHC fraternities and sororities had "Greek Sings," and this tradition gradually came to be used to celebrate initiations into the world of Greeks. The chapters would gather on campus and sing uplifting songs and cheers about their fraternity or sorority. In later years when the Greeks sung songs, they added movements such as walking in a circle and clapping hands. The sororities were singing songs up to the early eighties, and all of the sororities still have traditional songs that they sing today. Meanwhile, the fraternities began to add movement to their songs. In later years "Greek Sings" became "Greek Shows" which were a major event and still are to this day. The first official Greek Show was held at Howard University in 1976.[3] Stepping has been popularized by National Pan-Hellenic Council member organizations who give tributes to their historical Greek letter organizations and also perform at local and national competitions. Stepping has become popular among the Greek organizations to show spirit and pride in their fraternity or sorority.

The most popular step routines have been passed down, and many of the songs are still used and housed in each fraternity's and sorority's history archives. Many times a step performance ends or incorporates the use of a chant that is associated with the respective organization. A chant is a song that is worded or has a rhythm specific to that organization. Each particular organization has their own.

Over time, more and more organizations have created moves to continue this growing passion; however, certain steps and moves originated and are considered signature to particular organizations. For example, "The Nut Cracker" is unique to Phi Beta Sigma fraternity, "The Dove" is unique to Zeta Phi Beta sorority, "the Q Hop" is originally from Omega Psi Phi fraternity, "The Alpha Train" is a staple of Alpha Phi Alpha, and "The Poodle Prance" is a signature move of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority.

The first nationally syndicated stepping contest, S.T.O.M.P., aired in 1992 was created by Frank Mercardo Valdes, produced by the World African Network and Vic Bulluck and choreographed by Vernon Jackson and Jimmy Hamilton of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Again they were also known as Step by Step Stomp aired 1992-1996.

Stepping is a complex performance that melds folk traditions with popular culture and involves synchronized percussive movement, singing, speaking, chanting, and drama. Developed by African American fraternities and sororities, it is now practiced worldwide.[4] For example, the tradition has been emulated by Latino fraternities and sororities such as Lambda Sigma Upsilon fraternity and Omega Phi Beta sorority. This has led to an increase in participation of Latino Greek organizations in step show events, with groups often adding influences from Salsa, Merengue, Bachata, as well as other traditionally Latino music. Latino Greeks are performing in more step shows, stroll competitions, and social functions on college campuses throughout the United States. Stepping has also been emulated by white and Asian fraternities and sororities.

• Season 3 of America's Best Dance Crew featured the Strikers All-Stars, a step-based crew that took fourth place in the show. Strikers All-Stars originated at the Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University.
• In the finals of America's Best Dance Crew, the two finalist crews - Jabbawockeez and Status Quo (not to be confused with the English rock band) - for the first time in the competition, battle and cooperate in a step performance.
• Stepping has been seen in the mainstream, with involvement in motion pictures including School Daze, Mac and Me, Drumline, and How She Move.
• In the 2007 box-office film Stomp The Yard, stepping was used throughout the entire film. The main character, D.J. (played by Columbus Short), looks to lead his step team to win the national step show competition.
• BET Networks has aired numerous short step show exhibitions and competitions in its programming since 1989, when an early episode of Teen Summit featured members of Alpha Phi Alpha from Howard University, and members of Omega Psi Phi from the University of Maryland. Stepping has been featured on 106 & Park (during the Wild Out Wednesday portions), and on BET's annual spring event, Spring Bling (on the show Get 2 Steppin').
• At the beginning of Alicia Keys' video, "Teenage Love Affair," which is based on the 1988 movie School Daze, a step team is shown strutting in an all black outfit during a rally.
• In the One on One episodes, 'Playing Possum' and 'Me and Me Shadow', Breanna's cheer team incorporates stepping into their routine.
• At the beginning of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air episode "Blood is Thicker than Mud," a group from the fictional fraternity Phi Beta Gamma (though all are real members of Alpha Phi Alpha, namely Vernon Jackson, Jimmy Hamilton, Phillip Cox, Marcus Legall, Steve King, and Dameion Harris) perform a short step show.
• Stepping is shown throughout the TV series A Different World, a show based on the fictional historically black campus of Hillman College. During the 2nd season, characters Whitley and Jaleesa choreograph a step routine for a homecoming competition, and during the fourth season, several primary characters step-dance as part of the fictional Greek organizations Kappa Lambda Nu and Alpha Delta Rho.
• Arsenio Hall also introduced stepping on his '90s late night talk show by introducing the group "Step by Step" Vernon Jackson and Jimmy Hamilton along with their fraternity brothers from Alpha Phi Alpha as well as members of Omega Psi Phi, who were the first winners of S.T.O.M.P, the first nationally televised step show.
• Stepping has been featured in films and shows such as School Daze (1988), Mac and Me (1988), Vernon Jackson and Jimmy Hamilton, both members of Alpha Phi Alpha and known as the group Step by Step, choreographed the movie House Party 2 (1991). They also choreographed a couple of stepping episodes for the TV series A Different World, in which they also were featured stepping along with members of various fraternities.
• In 2007, MTV True Life -I'm Stepping - followed three step teams, Zeta Phi Beta sorority, Blueprint, the Houston Phi Beta Sigma All-Stars, and the Omega Phi Beta sorority Soul Steppin Divas (led by Founder of the Art of Stepping, Jessica "REMO" Saul) competed for first place at one of the biggest step competitions in the nation.
• Stepping, along with Gumboot dance, is a distinct component of the list of styles included in the World Hip Hop Dance Championships.
• In Step Sisters (2018) by Netflix, sororities compete in stepping contests. The film discusses the cultural appropriation of stepping by white Greek culture and the African American history of stepping.
• Stepping Mobile App (2018), the first stepping application was launched on Itunes and Google to teach individuals how to step through written language called Art of Stepping.
• The Howard University "Beta" chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha stepped at former President Bill Clinton's inauguration, after appearing in a Foot Locker commercial in December 1992.[5] Stepping was also featured in the Opening Ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[6]
• Beyonce's 2018 Coachella performance incorporated a historical performance of stepping on a mainstream platform.

• Drill team
• Get down
• Gumboot dance
• Stomp the Yard
• NALFO
• National Pan-Hellenic Council
• Step dance
• Showtime Steppers

• Hughey, Matthew W. 'Re-membering Black Greeks: Racial Memory and Identity in Stomp the Yard.' Critical Sociology 37(1): 103-123, 2010.
• Malone, Jacqui. Steppin on the Blues. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
• Ross, Lawrence Jr. The Divine Nine - The History of African American Fraternities and Sororities. Kensington Publishing Corporation, 2001.
• Brown, Jamie. "Black Fraternities and Sororities and the History of Stepping." Yahoo! Contributor Network. Yahoo! Contributor Network, 10 Jan. 2008. Web. 3 May 2013.