String Quartet No. 12 (Beethoven)

The String Quartet No. 12 in E♭ major, Op. 127, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was completed in 1825. It is the first of Beethoven's late quartets.

String Quartet
No. 12
Late string quartet by Ludwig van Beethoven
Portrait of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1823
KeyE♭ major
OpusOp. 127
Composed1825
DedicationNikolai Galitzin
Published1827
Durationc. 37 min
MovementsFour

Form

The work is composed of four movements and a typical performance of the work takes around 36–38 minutes. Beethoven initially planned two additional movements: one between the first and second, and another between the third and fourth.

  1. Maestoso (2
    4    ) – Allegro (3
    4    ) in E♭ major
  2. Adagio, ma non troppo e molto cantabile (12
    8    ) – Andante con moto () – Adagio molto espressivo () – Tempo I (12
    8    ) in A♭ major
  3. Scherzando vivace (3
    4    ) in E♭ major
  4. Allegro () in E♭ major

In the first edition of 1826, published by Schott, the finale had no initial tempo marking (other than Finale) (and the third movement's opening indication was "Scherzo: Vivace", not "Scherzando vivace").[1]

Music

The first movement is twice interrupted – just before the development of the sonata form begins, and when that section is almost but not quite over – by recurrences of the opening's maestoso music.

The immense second movement is in the subdominant key of A♭ major. It consists of a set of six variations and a coda.

  1. The first variation is in 12
    8     meter with darker harmonies and quick changes in dynamics.
  2. The second variation increases the tempo to andante con moto and adjusts the meter to 4
    4    . Here, the two violins engage in a dialogue over staccato accompaniment.
  3. The third variation shifts to E major, enharmonically the flat submediant, and the tempo shifts to a hymn-like adagio molto espressivo.
  4. The fourth variation returns to 12
    8     and the key of A♭ by dropping a half-step from E to the dominant note (E♭). This variation has a codetta which transitions the key to D♭ major in preparation for the next variation.
  5. The fifth variation is sotto voce and has been called a "mysterious episode" and begins in D♭ major and transitions to the parallel C♯ minor.
  6. The recapitulatory sixth variation returns to 12
    8    , presents only half of the theme and connects directly to the coda.[2]

The penultimate variation recapitulates the theme after a contrasting section in the submediant, while the final variation restores the tonic and basic thematic material after an episode in the subdominant. Beethoven based this tonal progression on the finale of the Ninth Symphony (Op. 125) where the orchestral double fugue episode in B♭ is followed by the "grand" variation for full orchestra and choir in D major, followed by the "Seid umschlungen" episode in G major, which moves into the choral double fugue in the tonic D major.

  • Op. 127: A♭ → E (lowered submediant) – penultimate variation → D♭ (subdominant) → final variation
  • Op. 125: D → B♭ (lowered submediant) – penultimate variation → G (subdominant) → final variation

The scherzo's trio is a Presto of a kind Beethoven did not use very often, though it is similar in sound and phrasing to some of his bagatelles from the contemporary Op. 126 set.

Notes
  1. See the Beethoven-Haus Bonn scan of the full score and parts of the first edition, as digitized and reuploaded @ IMSLP.
  2. Steinberg, Michael (1994). Robert Winter, Robert Martin (ed.). The Beethoven Quartet Companion. University of California Press. pp. 216–227. ISBN 0-520-08211-7.
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