Symbols and conventions used in welding documentation

The symbols and conventions used in welding documentation are specified in national and international standards such as ISO 2553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints -- Symbolic representation on drawings and ISO 4063 Welding and allied processes -- Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers. The US standard symbols are outlined by the American National Standards Institute and the American Welding Society and are noted as "ANSI/AWS".[1] Due in part to the growth of the oil industry, this symbol set was used during the 1990s in about 50% of the world's welding operations.[1] An ISO committee sought to establish a global standard during this decade.[1]

The symbolic representation of a V weld of chamfered plates in a technical drawing

In engineering drawings, each weld is conventionally identified by an arrow which points to the joint to be welded. The arrow is annotated with letters, numbers and symbols which indicate the exact specification of the weld. In complex applications, such as those involving alloys other than mild steel, more information may be called for than can comfortably be indicated using the symbols alone.[1] Annotations are used in these cases.[1]

Component elements
The location of the elements of a welding symbol when following US conventions.

In the US, the component elements of the weld specification are:[2]

  1. The reference line - the body of the arrow which is the baseline for the specification.
  2. The arrow tip which goes at an angle to the reference line, pointing to the joint to be welded.
  3. The tail which goes at the other end of the reference line.
  4. The basic welding symbol which goes on the reference line to indicate the shape of the weld such as a fillet or plug. The symbol is placed on the arrow side or other side of the line to indicate which side of the joint the weld goes.
  5. The dimensions and other numbers such as the length of the weld or number of spot welds go above and below the reference line.
  6. Supplementary symbols go at the junction of the reference line and the arrow tip. One such symbol is a circle to indicate an all-around weld, which goes on every side of the joint.
  7. Finish symbols go above the reference line to indicate the surface contour or finish of the weld such as flush, convex or concave.
  8. Letters indicating the welding process are placed at the tail end, such as AHW for atomic hydrogen welding. Further examples include:

Abbreviations for welding processes
Main article: List of welding processes

If a particular welding process needs to be indicated in addition to the symbols, the following abbreviations are commonly used in North America:[3][2]

DesignationWelding process
CAWCarbon-arc welding
DBDip brazing
FBFurnace brazing
FWFlash welding
GMAWGas metal-arc welding
GTAWGas tungsten-arc welding
IBInduction brazing
OAWOxy-acetylene welding
OHWOxy-hydrogen welding
PGWPressure gas welding
RBResistance brazing
SAWSubmerged arc welding
SMAWShielded metal arc welding
TBTorch brazing
UWUpset welding

References
  1. E. N. Gregory; Ann A. Armstrong (20 April 2005). Welding symbols on drawings. CRC Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-8493-3591-4. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  2. Welding Theory and Application (PDF), Department of the Army, 7 May 1993
  3. "Welding Inspection Handbook", 3rd edition, American Welding Society, ISBN 0-87171-560-0, Miami, FL, pp. 10-11 (2000)

Further reading
  • K.L.Narayana,P.Kannaiah,K.Venkata Reddy (2008). Machine Drawing. New age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1917-7.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • N.D.Bhatt,V.M.Panchal (2003). Machine Drawing. Charotar Publishing House. ISBN 81-85594-19-8.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.