Synandra

Synandra is a monotypic genus[3] of flowering plants in the mint family containing the single species Synandra hispidula, which is known by the common name Guyandotte beauty. It is native to the east-central United States where it ranges from southern Illinois to western North Carolina and Virginia.[1][4]

Synandra

Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Lamioideae
Genus: Synandra
Nutt.
Species:
S. hispidula
Binomial name
Synandra hispidula
(Michx.) Baill.[2]
Synonyms

Lamium hispidulum Michx.
Synandra grandiflora Nutt.
Torreya grandiflora Raf.

Description

This species has been reported to be an annual, biennial, or perennial herb, but studies show that it is a "strict biennial", at least in Kentucky and some populations in Ohio.[5] It has oppositely arranged leaves with serrated edges. The large yellow and white or pinkish[6] flowers bloom in April through June.[7] The flowers are over 2 centimeters long and may reach 4 centimeters.[6] Plants can have up to eight multiple branches on a single individual. Nutlets usually weight around 7 mg, with weights up to 13 mg. The nutlets store a high amount of endosperm.[8]

Habitat and ecology

This plant grows in shady, moist forest habitat, such as streambanks.[7] It is commonly found with other mesic forest species such as the trees (Acer nigrum, Acer saccharum, Asimina triloba, and Tilia americana, and the wildflowers Jeffersonia diphylla, and Caulophyllum thalictroides.[6]

This species appears to be sensitive to environmental changes, and it does not persist after the removal of the forest canopy or removal of the litter layer. This species is also browsed by deer, and mortality in post-grazed plants has been recorded. However, it is hypothesized that its hard nutlets may pass through the deer digestive tract such that deer play a role in dispersing this species.[8] Flower stalks have been observed as fragile, lacking pith, and fall over during flowering and fruiting periods. This may also play a role in seed dispersal.[8]

Conservation

Though it is considered "secure" as a species, this plant has declined recently. It is now considered historic in North Carolina and it is listed as an endangered species in Illinois and critically imperiled in Alabama. It is more common in other states, such as Indiana. Its distribution in general is described as "scattered".[6]

Threats to the species include habitat destruction and fragmentation, logging and other mechanisms that eliminate the shady canopy, overgrazing, trampling, recreational activity, and pollution. It is also threatened by introduced species of plants such as Lonicera japonica, Dioscorea oppositifolia and Microstegium vimineum.[6]

Etymology

The plant's common name comes from the Guyandotte River of West Virginia.[6]

References
  1. "Synandra hispidula". NatureServe. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  2. "Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Baill". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  3. Cantino, P. D. (1985). Facultative autogamy in Synandra hispidula (Labiatae). Castanea 50(2) 105-11.
  4. "Synandra hispidula". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  5. Baskin, J. M.; Bryan, H. D.; Baskin, C. C. (1986). "Ecological Life Cycle of Synandra hispidula in Northcentral Kentucky". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 113 (2): 168–172. doi:10.2307/2995941. JSTOR 2995941.
  6. Hill, S. R. Conservation Assessment for the Guyandotte Beauty (Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Baillon). Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Eastern Region (Region 9), Shawnee and Hoosier National Forests. December 6, 2007.
  7. Synandra hispidula. Center for Plant Conservation.
  8. Moran, Virginia S. (August 1986). A demographic and phenological study of a population of Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Baillon within the Wayne National Forest of southeastern Ohio (M.S.). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University. OCLC 15075635.
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