Table of specific heat capacities

The following table of specific heat capacities gives the volumetric heat capacity, as well as the specific heat capacity of some substances and engineering materials, and (when applicable) the molar heat capacity.

Generally, the most constant parameter is notably the volumetric heat capacity (at least for solids), which is notably around the value of 3 megajoule per cubic meter and kelvin:[1]

Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 = 3 R per mole of atoms (see the last column of this table). Paraffin, for example, has very large molecules and thus a high heat capacity per mole, but as a substance it does not have remarkable heat capacity in terms of volume, mass, or atom-mol (which is just 1.41 R per mole of atoms, or less than half of most solids, in terms of heat capacity per atom).

In the last column, major departures of solids at standard temperatures from the Dulong–Petit law value of 3 R, are usually due to low atomic weight plus high bond strength (as in diamond) causing some vibration modes to have too much energy to be available to store thermal energy at the measured temperature. For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms in this table is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to other atoms, as happens in many solids.

Table of specific heat capacities at 25 °C (298 K) unless otherwise noted. Notable minima and maxima are shown in maroon
Substance Phase Isobaric
mass
heat capacity
cP
J⋅g−1⋅K−1
Isobaric
molar
heat capacity
CP,m
J⋅mol−1⋅K−1
Isochore
molar
heat capacity
CV,m
J⋅mol−1⋅K−1
Isobaric
volumetric
heat capacity

CP,v
J⋅cm−3⋅K−1
Isochore
atom-molar
heat capacity
in units of R
CV,am
atom-mol−1
Air (Sea level, dry,
0 °C (273.15 K))
gas1.003529.0720.76430.001297~ 1.25 R
Air (typical
room conditionsA)
gas1.01229.1920.850.00121~ 1.25 R
Aluminiumsolid0.89724.22.4222.91 R
Ammonialiquid4.70080.083.2633.21 R
Animal tissue
(incl. human)
[2]
mixed 3.53.7*
Antimonysolid0.20725.21.3863.03 R
Argongas0.520320.786212.47171.50 R
Arsenicsolid0.32824.61.8782.96 R
Berylliumsolid1.8216.43.3671.97 R
Bismuth[3]solid0.12325.71.203.09 R
Cadmiumsolid0.23126.023.13 R
Carbon dioxide CO2[4]gas0.839*36.9428.461.14 R
Chromiumsolid0.44923.352.81 R
Coppersolid0.38524.473.452.94 R
Diamondsolid0.50916.1151.7820.74 R
Ethanolliquid2.441121.9251.50 R
Gasoline (octane)liquid2.222281.641.05 R
Glass[3]solid0.842.1
Goldsolid0.12925.422.4923.05 R
Granite[3]solid0.7902.17
Graphitesolid0.7108.531.5341.03 R
Heliumgas5.193220.786212.47171.50 R
Hydrogengas14.3028.821.23 R
Hydrogen sulfide H2S[4]gas1.015*34.601.05 R
Ironsolid0.41225.09[5]3.5373.02 R
Leadsolid0.12926.41.443.18 R
Lithiumsolid3.5824.81.9122.98 R
Lithium at 181 °C[6]liquid4.37930.332.2423.65 R
Magnesiumsolid1.0224.91.7732.99 R
Mercuryliquid0.139527.981.8883.36 R
Methane at 2 °Cgas2.19135.690.85 R
Methanol[7]liquid2.1468.621.38 R
Molten salt (142–540 °C)[8]liquid1.562.62
Nitrogengas1.04029.1220.81.25 R
Neongas1.030120.786212.47171.50 R
Oxygengas0.91829.3821.01.26 R
Paraffin wax
C25H52
solid2.5 (ave)9002.3251.41 R
Polyethylene
(rotomolding grade)[9][10]
solid2.3027
Silica (fused)solid0.70342.21.5471.69 R
Silver[3]solid0.23324.92.442.99 R
Sodiumsolid1.23028.233.39 R
Steelsolid0.4663.756
Tinsolid0.22727.1121.6593.26 R
Titaniumsolid0.52326.0602.63843.13 R
Tungsten[3]solid0.13424.82.582.98 R
Uraniumsolid0.11627.72.2163.33 R
Water at 100 °C (steam)gas2.08037.4728.031.12 R
Water at 25 °Cliquid4.181375.32774.534.17963.02 R
Water at 100 °Cliquid4.181375.32774.534.21603.02 R
Water at −10 °C (ice)[3]solid2.0538.091.9381.53 R
Zinc[3]solid0.38725.22.763.03 R
Substance Phase Isobaric
mass
heat capacity
cP
J⋅g−1⋅K−1
Isobaric
molar
heat capacity
CP,m
J⋅mol−1⋅K−1
Isochore
molar
heat capacity
CV,m
J⋅mol−1⋅K−1
Isobaric
volumetric
heat capacity

CP,v
J⋅cm−3⋅K−1
Isochore
atom-molar
heat capacity
in units of R
CV,am
atom-mol−1

A Assuming an altitude of 194 metres above mean sea level (the worldwide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C (40.85% relative humidity), and 760 mm–Hg sea level–corrected barometric pressure (molar water vapor content = 1.16%).
*Derived data by calculation. This is for water-rich tissues such as brain. The whole-body average figure for mammals is approximately 2.9 J⋅cm−3⋅K−1 [11]

Mass heat capacity of building materials

(Usually of interest to builders and solar designers)

Mass heat capacity of building materials
Substance Phase cP
J⋅g−1⋅K−1
Asphaltsolid0.920
Bricksolid0.840
Concretesolid0.880
Glass, silicasolid0.840
Glass, crownsolid0.670
Glass, flintsolid0.503
Glass, pyrexsolid0.753
Granitesolid0.790
Gypsumsolid1.090
Marble, micasolid0.880
Sandsolid0.835
Soilsolid0.800
Waterliquid4.1813
Woodsolid1.7 (1.2 to 2.9)
Substance Phase cP
J g−1 K−1

See also

References

  1. Ashby, Shercliff, Cebon, Materials, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 12: Atoms in vibration: material and heat
  2. Page 183 in: Cornelius, Flemming (2008). Medical biophysics (6th ed.). ISBN 978-1-4020-7110-2. (also giving a density of 1.06 kg/L)
  3. "Table of Specific Heats".
  4. Young; Geller (2008). Young and Geller College Physics (8th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-8053-9218-0.
  5. Chase, M. W. (1998). "Iron". National Institute of Standards and Technology: 1–1951. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. "Materials Properties Handbook, Material: Lithium" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2006.
  7. "HCV (Molar Heat Capacity (cV)) Data for Methanol". Dortmund Data Bank Software and Separation Technology.
  8. "Heat Storage in Materials". The Engineering Toolbox.
  9. Crawford, R. J. Rotational molding of plastics. ISBN 978-1-59124-192-8.
  10. Gaur, Umesh; Wunderlich, Bernhard (1981). "Heat capacity and other thermodynamic properties of linear macromolecules. II. Polyethylene" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 10 (1): 119. Bibcode:1981JPCRD..10..119G. doi:10.1063/1.555636.
  11. Faber, P.; Garby, L. (1995). "Fat content affects heat capacity: a study in mice". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 153 (2): 185–7. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09850.x. PMID 7778459.
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