Tell Tuneinir

Tell Tuneinir (also spelled Tunaynir or Touneynir) is an archaeological site in northeastern Syria. It dates to the early third millennium BC and shows signs of continuous habitation lasting until the beginning of the 15th century AD with epochs during the early Byzantine Empire, when it was known as the city of Thannuris (Thannourios), and during the Ayyubid period.

Tell Tuneinir
A satellite image of Tell Tuneinir with the archaeological sites marked
Shown within Syria
LocationAl-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates36°25′18.6″N 40°51′59.5″E
TypeSettlement
Area40 hectares (99 acres).
History
Foundedc. 2700 BC
Abandoned1401 AD
CulturesByzantine, Ayyubid
Site notes
Excavation dates1977-1978, 1983-1984, 1986–2004
ArchaeologistsMichael Fuller, Neathery Fuller
Public accessyes
Websitehttps://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/tuneinir/

Site and history

Tell Tuneinir is situated on the eastern bank of the Khabur river, 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Al-Hasakah,[1] and have an area of 40 hectares (99 acres).[2] It consist of a central mound 18.2 metres (60 ft) high surrounded by a lower city.[3] The earliest occupation of the tell dates to the Ninevite V period c. 2700 BC.[2] Bronze Age artifacts found include different kinds of pottery, bone tools, animals figurines made of clay depicting sheep, goats, and horses, and two clay ; one have the shape of astragulus and the other the shape of a robe, thus they relate to animal products and textile manufacturing.[2] The site's role as an agricultural settlement is apparent by the existence of decorated sherds depicting animals grazing.[2] By 2000 BC, the region witnessed large scale of settlement abandonment and many sites were never reoccupied but Tell Tuneinir was not affected by the phenomenon; pottery and a cylinder seal discovered in the site demonstrated that the it remained inhabited throughout the second and first millennia BC.[4]

Roman period

When the Khabur turned into the frontier between the Roman Empire and its rival, the Parthian Empire, in the first century BC, Tell Tuneinir evolved from a small agricultural settlement into an important town.[4] The ala prima nova Diocletiana, an equites sagittarii indigenae ("indigenous horse archers") unit, was stationed in the region between Tell Tuneinir, now named Thannuris, and Horaba (modern Tell Ajaja).[5][6]

According to the 6th-century historian Procopius, there existed two cities with the name Thannourios.[7] The Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) decided to fortify Thannuris, but the first such attempt failed, as the Byzantine army under Belisarius was defeated by the Sassanid Persians.[8] Eventually Justinian's efforts were successful, and the town became a "truly formidable" fortress, to protect the region from Saracen raids.[7] Nevertheless, the Persians captured the fortress in 587, when it had apparently been left undefended.[8]

Islamic period

During the early Islamic period, Tell Tuneinir evolved into a small city.[4] In 1401, the armies of Timur destroyed the city.[2] In the Ottoman era, bedouin semi-nomads erected their tents alongside the Durin canal,[note 1] and Tell Tuneinir became a center for the taxation of those settlers; an Ottoman military building and tombs were found in the site.[10]

Society

In the late Middle Ages, the city's population consisted of Arabic-speaking Muslims and Syriac-speaking Christians;[11] the Syriacs show a cultural continuity throughout the Islamic era—from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods to the Ayyubid period—which is evident from the continuous use of the city's church between the 6th and 12th centuries.[1]

Excavations

In 1853, Austen Henry Layard explored the site in the frame of his general survey of the Khabur valley and two more surveys were conducted by Friedrich Sarre and Ernst Herzfeld in 1911 and by Antoine Poidebard in 1934 who provided maps of the sites.[12] In 1977-1978, the site was studied by Wolfgang Röllig and Hartmut Kühne then by Jean-Yves Monchambert in 1983 and 1984.[12] The Syrian plans to build Al-Basil dam on the Khabur threatened many archaeological sites;[2] at the request of the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, the St. Louis Community College formed a team headed by Michael and Neathery Fuller to evaluate the site in 1986.[13] Excavations began in 1987,[14] and the dam was completed in 1997 with further excavations depending on the rainfall.[2] The site was last excavated in 2004.[14]

Notes
  1. The Durin canal dates to the third millennium BC and runs alongside the eastern bank of the Khabur.[9]

References

Citations
  1. Fuller 1994, p. 259.
  2. Fuller & Fuller 1998, p. 69.
  3. Crowley, Gorokhoff & Lucore 1986, p. 59.
  4. Fuller & Fuller 1998, p. 70.
  5. Dodgeon & Lieu 1994, p. 345.
  6. Dodgeon & Lieu 2002, p. 292.
  7. Kennedy & Riley 2004, p. 119.
  8. Comfort 2009, p. 326.
  9. Hole & Smith 2004, p. 217.
  10. Qaddur, Fuller & Fuller 1998, p. 815.
  11. Fuller & Fuller 1998, p. 74.
  12. Fuller 1996, p. 129.
  13. Fuller & Fuller 1988, p. 279.
  14. Eger 2015, p. 148.

Sources
  • Comfort, Anthony Martin (14 May 2009). Roads on the frontier between Rome and Persia: Euphratesia, Osrhoene and Mesopotamia from AD 363 to 602 (Ph.D.). University of Exeter.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Crowley, Jacqueline L.; Gorokhoff, Galina Ivanova; Lucore, Sandra, eds. (1986). Archaeological Fieldwork Opportunities Bulletin (6 ed.). Archaeological Institute of America. ISSN 1061-8961.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hole, Frank; Smith, Ronald (2004). "Arid Land Agriculture in Northeastern Syria". In Gutman, Garik; Janetos, Anthony C.; Justice, Christopher O.; Moran, Emilio F.; Mustard, John F.; Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Skole, David; Turner II, Billy Lee; Cochrane, Mark A. (eds.). Land Change Science: Observing, Monitoring and Understanding Trajectories of Change on the Earth's Surface. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-2562-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Qaddur, Mohammad; Fuller, Michael; Fuller, Neathery (1998). "تل تنينير". الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic). 6. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. OCLC 4771136723.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kennedy, David; Riley, Derrick (2004) [1990]. Romes Desert Frontiers. From the Air. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-78269-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dodgeon, Michael H; Lieu, Samuel N. C (2002) [1991]. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96113-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dodgeon, Michael H; Lieu, Samuel N. C (1994) [1991]. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10317-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Eger, A. Asa (2015). The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities. Library of Middle East History. 34. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-780-76157-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fuller, Michael; Fuller, Neathery (1988). "Tell Tuneinir on the Khabur: Preliminary Report on Three Seasons". Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes. Damas: Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Museés. 37–38. ISSN 0570-1554.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fuller, Michael (1994). "Continuity and Change in the Syriac Population at Tell Tuneinir". ARAM Periodical. Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. Peeters Publishers. 6: Cultural Interchange during the Umayyad Era in Bilad al-Sham (1&2). ISBN 978-90-429-2943-2. ISSN 0959-4213.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fuller, Michael; Fuller, Neathery (1998). "Archaeological Discoveries at Tell Tuneinir, Syria". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Assyrian Academic Society. 12 (2). ISSN 1055-6982.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fuller, Michael (1996). "Artuqid, Zengid and Ayyubid coins from Tell Tuneinir, Syria". In Spengler, William F.; Wayne G., Sayles (eds.). Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography. II: The Zengids. Clio's Cabinet. ISBN 978-1-879-08004-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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