The Great Sage, Heaven's Equal

Sun Wukong first appeared in the 16th-century Chinese classical novel Journey to the West by Wu Cheng-en. In the novel he is also referred to as "Great Sage, Heaven's Equal" and "Handsome Monkey King".[1] Wu's character was well-received, to the point that some regarded him as a real god. During Pu's time, actual and genuine Sun Wukong shrines were already in existence or emerging, as part of "(t)he cult of this divine monkey". In a larger phenomenon, works of fiction contributed to the public's perception of or belief in deities. Hence, Shahar and Weller, in their 1996 work Unruly Gods, opine that Pu Songling was criticising people's worship of a fictitious character.[2] The translation of the story, titled "The Great Sage, Heaven's Equal" by Sidney L. Sondergard, was released in 2014.[1]

The Martin Bodmer Foundation Library houses a 19th-century Liaozhai manuscript, silk-printed and bound leporello-style, that contains three tales including "The Bookworm", "The Great Sage, Heaven's Equal", and "The Frog God".[3]

A struggling merchant, Xu Cheng (许成), and his brother, Xu Sheng (许盛), attend a ceremony at a Sun Wukong temple in Fujian, China. Xu is entirely sceptical of the self-styled "Great Sage, Heaven's Equal" (齐天大圣); in stark contrast, his brother becomes a fervent devotee. Afterwards, much to his brother's shock and chagrin, Xu remarks, "Sun Wukong is nothing but a parable invented by old Qiu. How can anybody sincerely believe him?"[4][lower-alpha 1] He then challenges Sun to mete out divine punishment to him if he truly existed. Fujian locals, who live in fear of the monkey god, are equally appalled by Xu's haughty comments.[5]

Just a while later, Xu begins to feel unwell. His superstitious brother hurriedly prays to Sun on his behalf but Xu's physical woes only continue. Xu is about to believe in the Great Sage's prowess, when he is relieved of further agony after a visit to a physician. Almost instantly, Cheng becomes the ill one and his condition takes a turn for the worse when Xu refuses to pray to Sun. Before long, Xu's brother dies; in anger and grief, Xu storms into the Sun Wukong temple and confronts his effigy, demanding his brother back. At night, Xu encounters the Monkey King in his dreams, who counter-retaliates by criticising him for his rudeness and hiring of an inept practitioner to treat his brother. Nevertheless, Sun also promises to bring Xu's brother back.[6]

Sure enough, after waking up, Xu finds his brother alive in his coffin – it is at this point that he begins to truly believe in Sun Wukong.[6] However, it is a bittersweet occasion for Xu, given the expenses he had incurred during the trip to Fujian and for his brother's funeral and burial.[7] Furthermore, while revived, his brother still remains relatively weak. Some time afterwards, back in the Yan (now part of Shandong) countryside, Xu encounters a stranger on the street, to whom he confides his financial troubles, as well as the strange incident in Fujian.[7] The stranger possesses some knowledge of magic, in particular cloud-walking. Together they go to the "temple of heaven",[7] where the stranger procures a few magic stones, said to bring good fortune, for Xu. At the end of the journey the mystery man reveals himself as Sun Wukong, then vanishes.[8]

The Xu brothers rake in tremendous profits from their business and they make numerous return trips to the Sun Wukong temple.[9] Pu Songling appends a footnote poking fun at Xu Sheng, stressing that "Sheng's mind must have been deluded, for what he saw simply couldn't be true", and concluding that "(w)hen people who share the same beliefs gather together, they will choose some central figure to represent their beliefs".[9]

Judith T. Zeitlin writes in Historian of the Strange that, apart from his "typical condescension towards popular cults", Pu wished to convey "that spiritual power depends not on the actual existence of a god or a fictional character but on the illusory strength of human belief and desire."[10] She compares Xu Sheng's eventual faith in Sun Wukong with Qian Yi's worship of the Peony Pavilion character Du Liniang;[11] both of them had dreams which turned "a skeptic into a believer".[10]

• List of media adaptations of Journey to the West