The war to end war

"The war to end war" (also called "The war to end all wars")[1] was a term for the First World War of 1914–1918. Originally an idealistic slogan, it is now mainly used sardonically[2] as the First World War not only wasn't the last war in history, but its aftermath has directly contributed to the outbreak of the World War II.

For the 2000 album, see War to End All Wars (album).
Title page of The War That Will End War by H. G. Wells
Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. President, with whom the phrase is often associated

Origin

During August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of the war, British author and social commentator H. G. Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitled The War That Will End War.[3] Wells blamed the Central Powers for the coming of the war and argued that only the defeat of German militarism could bring about an end to war.[4] Wells used the shorter form of the phrase, "the war to end war", in In the Fourth Year (1918), in which he noted that the phrase "got into circulation" in the second half of 1914.[5] In fact, it had become one of the most common catchphrases of the First World War.[4]

In later years, the term became associated with Woodrow Wilson although he is known to have used the phrase only once.[6] Along with the phrase "make the world safe for democracy," it embodied Wilson's conviction that the American entry into the war was necessary to preserve human freedom.[6]

Later use

Even during the First World War, the phrase met with some degree of skepticism. As it became apparent that the war had not succeeded in ending war, the phrase took on a more cynical tone. The British staff officer Archibald Wavell, a future field marshal and viceroy of India, said despondently of the Paris Peace Conference, "After the 'war to end war', they seem to have been in Paris at making the 'Peace to end Peace'."[7] Wells himself used the phrase in an ironic way in the novel The Bulpington of Blup (1932).[8] Walter Lippmann wrote in Newsweek in 1967, "The delusion is that whatever war we are fighting is the war to end war", while U.S. President Richard Nixon, in his "Silent Majority" speech (1969), said, "I do not tell you that the war in Vietnam is the war to end wars".[2] The 1976 Eric Bogle song "No Man's Land" ("The Green Fields of France"), addressed to the grave of a 19-year-old soldier in a First World War Cemetery, contains the lyric "Did you really believe that this war would end wars?".[9]

Since at least the last third of the 20th century, the alternative wording "the war to end all wars" has become more popular. The War to End War was the title of Laurence Stallings's 1959 book on the war.[10] It was also a title of a chapter of the American high school history textbook The American Pageant (first published 1956), and remained so up to its 15th edition in 2013.[11] However, "The War to End All Wars" was used by later authors such as Edward M. Coffman (1968), Russell Freedman (2010) and Adam Hochschild (2011).[12][13][14]

See also

References
  1. The war to end all wars BBC News 10 November 1998
  2. Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press US. pp. 792–3. ISBN 978-0-19-534334-2. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  3. Wagar, W. Warren (2004). H.G. Wells: Traversing Time. Wesleyan University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8195-6725-3. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  4. Rempel, Richard A., ed. (2003). The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-415-10463-0. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  5. Wells, H. G. (2008). Short Works of Herbert George Wells. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-4375-2652-3. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  6. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1990). Eloquence in an Electronic Age: The Transformation of Political Speechmaking. Oxford University Press US. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-506317-2. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  7. Pagden, Anthony (2008). Worlds at War: The 2,500-year Struggle between East and West. Oxford University Press US. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-19-923743-2. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  8. Wells, H. G. (1932). The Bulpington of Blup. pp. 161, 163, 173. ISBN 9781409725664. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  9. Walsh, Michael J. K. (2018). Eric Bogle, Music and the Great War: 'An Old Man's Tears'. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 978-1351764483. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  10. Stallings, Laurence (1959). The War to End War. American Heritage Publishing Company. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  11. "The American Pageant - 15th Edition". APNotes.net. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  12. Coffman, Edward M. (1968). The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  13. Freedman, Russell (2010). The War to End All Wars: World War I. Clarion Books. ISBN 978-0547026862. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  14. Hochschild, Adam (2011). To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914-1918. Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547549217. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
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