Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom

In the summer of 1304, the Bohemian army invaded Upper Hungary and encamped at Párkány (present-day Štúrovo in Slovakia). There Wenceslaus II of Bohemia called upon Archbishop Michael Bő to crown his namesake son as king, but he refused the threat. Following that the Bohemian troops stormed Esztergom and looted its treasury, in addition to the destruction of diplomas and holy relics. Michael fled his archbishopric seat for Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia), where he died soon around September.[1] The negotiations with the local lords convinced Wenceslaus II that his son's position in Hungary had dramatically weakened. Accordingly, he decided to take his son back to Bohemia, who did not renounce Hungary and made Ivan Kőszegi governor before leaving for Bohemia in August. He even took the Holy Crown of Hungary with himself to Prague. Thereafter Esztergom was held by the Kőszegi troops. Residing in Székesfehérvár, the cathedral chapter of Esztergom elected Thomas as their new archbishop-in-exile sometimes before 17 February 1305. He also bore the title of perpetual count of Esztergom County, restoring the dignity for the archbishopric after five years.[3] He excommunicated the Kőszegi brothers – Ivan and Henry – for their crimes against the burghers of Esztergom in July 1305. Wenceslaus who had succeeded his father in Bohemia renounced his claim to Hungary in favor of Otto III, Duke of Bavaria on 9 October 1305.[1] Thomas unsuccessfully attempt to prevent his coronation with the Holy Crown in Székesfehérvár on 6 December 1305, which was performed by two bishops, although customary law authorized the Archbishop of Esztergom to perform the ceremony. Thereafter Thomas proclaimed the excommunication of Otto's followers, while Pope Clement V declared the invalidity of the coronation.[4]

1307 seal of Thomas

Pope Clement confirmed Thomas' election and sent his pallium on 31 January 1306.[3] Prior to this, Thomas borrowed a lot of money to achieve this goal. Otto was never able to strengthen his position in Hungary, because only the Kőszegis supported him. Accompanying with Thomas and his troops, Charles seized Esztergom and many fortresses in the northern parts of Hungary (now in Slovakia) in the autumn of 1306. Thomas marched into his emptied seat with his army, which has been plundered and destroyed in recent years. Thomas borrowed money in 1307 to repair the cathedral, but renovation works lasted for decades, surpassing his archiepiscopal tenure.[1] Thomas convoked a provincial synod to Udvard, Komárom County (present-day Dvory nad Žitavou, Slovakia) in May 1307. There, he renewed the excommunication of those barons, clergymen and towns, who did not acknowledge Charles as their king. Thomas called all the subjects of the realm to obey the king's commandments, otherwise he was ready to place the whole kingdom under interdict and launch a crusade against the treacherous barons.[5] An assembly of Charles' partisans confirmed Charles' claim to the throne on 10 October 1307, and authorized archbishops Thomas and Vincent to excommunicate those who raise objections to the decision.[6] After Charles' partisans occupied Buda in June 1307, Thomas captured and imprisoned those local pro-Wenceslaus clergymen, who even excommunicated Pope Benedict XI prior to that. The priests died in his prison, according to the Illuminated Chronicle.[4] Pope Clement V sent his papal legate, Gentile Portino da Montefiore, to Hungary.[6] Charles I and Thomas welcomed him in Zagreb, when he arrived in the summer of 1308.[4]

Thomas presided that general diet in the presence of Gentile in the Dominican monastery of Pest on 27 November 1308, which elected Charles king.[4] Gentile and Thomas convoked the synod of the Hungarian prelates, who declared the monarch inviolable in December 1308. In preparation for the coronation, they also urged the Transylvanian oligarch Ladislaus Kán, who captured Otto, to hand over the Holy Crown to Charles, but he refused to do so. As a result, Thomas crowned Charles king with a newly prepared and consecrated crown in the Church of Our Lady in Buda on 15 or 16 June 1309.[6] However, most Hungarians regarded the ceremony invalid. After that Gentile excommunicated Ladislaus Kán. Thereafter Thomas, alongside Amadeus Aba and Dominic Rátót, negotiated with the voivode in Szeged on 8 April 1310, on the conditions of return of the crown. Ladislaus Kán finally agreed to give the Holy Crown to Charles.[7][6] On 27 August 1310, Archbishop Thomas put the Holy Crown on Charles' head in Székesfehérvár; thus, Charles' third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law.[8]

Despite his valid coronation, Charles' rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom. For instance, the most powerful oligarch Matthew Csák continued to expand the borders of his domains and occupied several castles in the northern part of the kingdom. He surprisingly laid siege Buda in June 1311, then Charles sent an army to invade Matthew Csák's domains in September, but it achieved nothing.[8] Thereafter the oligarch constantly pillaged the possessions of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. One of its castles, Berzence (present-day Tekovská Breznica, Slovakia) was seized and destroyed by digging a tunnel under the castle walls in late 1311.[9] Matthew Csák caused a damage of 15,000 marks to the archdiocese during these attacks. The oligarch threatened to besiege Esztergom in the spring of 1312; as Charles I dealt with the neutralization of the Aba dominion, Thomas was forced to ask for peace from Matthew and abandoned most of the claims for damages in early March. Meanwhile, Thomas was also active in the case of the Aba dominion: after the burghers of Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) assassinated Amadeus Aba in September 1311, Charles sent his two envoys, Thomas and Stephen Kéki to the province, where they arbitrated an agreement between Amadeus' widow and sons and the town, which also prescribed that the Abas withdraw from two counties and allow the noblemen inhabiting their domains to freely join Charles.[10] Thereafter Thomas resided in Lőcse (today Levoča, Slovakia) until January 1312, where he negotiated with the Abas about the transfer of three castles in Szepesség (Spiš) region.[11] However, the Abas soon entered into an alliance with Matthew Csák against the king. Alongside other lords and prelates, Thomas participated with his banderium in the royal campaign, which consisted of successful sieges and the decisive Battle of Rozgony in the summer of 1312.[11] Thomas was also present, when Charles' army captured Nagyszombat (today Trnava, Slovakia) from Matthew Csák in early 1313. There lying on his deathbed, an elderly baron and soldier Egyed Monoszló made his final testament at the local Franciscan friary, and Thomas presented the document on 11 March.[12] Thomas also took part in the 1317 war against Matthew Csák. After the capture of Komárom (now Komárno in Slovakia) on 3 November 1317, Charles concluded a short-lived peace with the oligarch. One of the proofs of this is that Thomas issued a charter in Tapolcsány (present-day Topoľčany, Slovakia), the ancient land of the Csáks in August 1318.[13]

However, Thomas strongly opposed the peace with Matthew Csák. After Charles neglected to reclaim Church property that Matthew Csák had seized by force, the prelates of the realm – archbishops Thomas, Ladislaus Jánki and their eleven suffragans – made an alliance in early 1318 against all who would jeopardize their interests. Upon their demand, Charles held a Diet in summer, but refused to confirm the Golden Bull of 1222. Before the end of the year, the prelates made a complaint against Charles because he had taken possession of Church property.[14] Despite the disagreements, Thomas remained a strong pillar of Charles' reign until his death in the first half of 1321.[15] A wall-painting from 1317 in St Martin's Cathedral in Spišská Kapitula (Hungarian: Szepeshely) depicts the 1310 coronation of Charles, including the figure of Thomas with the Holy Crown.[16]