Timeline of food

Prehistoric times

A hearth with cooking utensils
  • 2.5-1.8 million years ago: The discovery of the use of fire and the sharing of the benefits of the use of fire may have created a sense of sharing as a group. Earliest estimate for invention of cooking, by phylogenetic analysis.[1]
  • 2 myr ago: Hominids shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to begin the consumption of meat.[2][3]
  • 250,000 years ago: Hearths appear, accepted archeological estimate for invention of cooking.[4]
  • 170,000 years ago: Cooked starchy roots and tubers in Africa[5][6]
  • 40,000 years ago: First evidence of human fish consumption: isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man, a modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.[7][8]
  • 30,000 years ago: Earliest archaeological evidence for flour, which was likely processed into an unleavened bread, dates to the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe.[9]
  • 25,000 years ago: The fish-gorge, a kind of fish hook, appears.[10]
  • 13,000 BCE: Contentious evidence of oldest domesticated rice in Korea.[11] Their 15,000-year age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago.[11] These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism,[12] and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests.[13]
  • 11,500 - 6200 BCE: Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon.[14]

Neolithic

Fresh figs cut open showing the flesh and seeds inside
  • ~9300 BCE: Figs cultivated in the Jordan Valley[15]
  • ~8000 BCE: Squash was grown in Mexico
  • 8000-5000 BCE: Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence of banana cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea.[16][17]
  • 8000-5000 BCE: Earliest domestication of potato in the neighbourhood of Lake Titicaca.[18]
  • ~8000 BCE: Wild olives were collected by Neolithic peoples[19]
  • ~7000 BCE: Cereal (grain) production in Syria[15]
  • ~7000 BCE: Farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using man-made floods and fires as part of their cultivation regimen.[15]
  • ~7000 BCE: Maize-like plants, derived from the wild teosinte, began to be seen in Mexico.[15]
  • ~7000 BCE: Chinese villagers were brewing fermented alcoholic drinks on small and individual scale, with the production process and methods similar to that of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.[20]
  • ~7000 BCE: Sheep, originating from western Asia, were domesticated with the help of dogs prior to the establishment of settled agriculture,[21]
  • 6570-4530 BCE: Earliest and controversial estimation of rice cultivation in India.[22]
  • 6140-4550 BCE: Archaeological evidence of fish processing and long-term storage, at the Atlit-Yam site, in what is now Israel.[23]
  • ~6000 BCE: Grapes were first grown for wine in the Southern Caucasus.[24]
  • ~5500 BCE: Earliest secure evidence of cheesemaking in Kujawy, Poland.[25][26]
  • ~5000 BCE: Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established[21]:5
  • ~5000 BCE: Modern-like maize varieties appear.[15]
  • ~5000 BCE: Beans begin to be cultivated in the Americas [27]
  • ~5000 BCE: Fossilized remains of possibly cultivated potato tubers on a cave floor in Chilca Canyon.[18]

4000-1 BCE

Ripening olives
Modern aquaculture

1-1000

  • 8th century: The original type of sushi, known today as narezushi (馴れ寿司, 熟寿司), first developed in Southeast Asia and spread to south China, is introduced to Japan.[47][48]
  • 8th century: Chronicles from monasteries mention Roquefort being transported across the Alps[49]
  • 9th century: First record of cucumbers cultivation in France[30]
  • ~800: Cod becomes an important economic commodity in international markets. This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring the Black Death, wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade.[50]
  • ~800: By this date, watermelon reaches India.[30]
  • 822: First mention of hops added to beer, by the Carolingian Abbot Adalard of Corbie[51]
  • 879: Gorgonzola cheese is mentioned for the first time.[49]
  • 961: Watermelons, introduced by the Moorish, reported to be cultivated in Cordoba, Spain.[30]
  • 997: The term "pizza" first appears "in a Latin text from the southern Italian town of Gaeta [...], which claims that a tenant of certain property is to give the bishop of Gaeta 'duodecim pizze' ['twelve pizzas'] every Christmas Day, and another twelve every Easter Sunday".[52][53]

1000-1500

Bog butter from A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, 1857

16th century

  • 1516: William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt.[58]
  • 1535: Spanish conquerors first see potato.[59]
  • ~1550: First mention of cucumbers cultivation in North America.[30]
  • ~1570: First potato specimens probably reach Spain.[18]
  • 1573: Potatoes are purchased by the Hospital de la Sangre in Seville.[18]
  • 1576: Watermelons cultivated in Florida by Spanish settlers.[30]
  • 1578: Sir Francis Drake meets potatoes in his trip around the world. However he does not bring potatoes back to Great Britain, despite common misconception.[18]
  • 1583-1613: Guaman Poma de Ayala writes a chronicle of the Incas where he describes and depicts potato and maize cultivation.[22]
  • 1585: First recorded shipment of chocolate to Europe for commercial purposes, in a shipment from Veracruz to Sevilla[60]
  • 1590: José de Acosta describes chuño in his chronicles.[18]
  • 1596: Caspar Bauhin, Swiss botanist, first describes potato scientifically in his Phytopinax, assigning it the current binomial name Solanum tuberosum. However he conjectured potatoes could cause wind and leprosy (because of a vague resemblance to leprous organs) and that they were aphrodisiac.[18]
  • Before 17th century: Watermelon appears in herbals in mainland Europe, outside Spain. It also begins to spread among Native American populations.[30]
  • Late 16th century-17th century: Cucumber, along with maize, beans, squash, pumpkins, and gourds are cultivated by Native Americans in what is today southern United States and, later, the region of Great Plains.[30]

17th century

18th century

An examen chimique du pommes de terre ("A chemistry exam of the potatoes") by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier promoted the introduction of potatoes to France.
  • 18th century: Soufflé appears in France. Cakes and pastries also begin to appear, thanks to the increasing availability of sugar and the rising of the chef profession.[61]
  • 18th century: Pizza begins to appear in Naples.[62]
  • Early 1700s: Introduction of potatoes in Russia.[59]
  • ~1700: Sparkling beer as we know it appears, due to maturation in bottles becoming available.[61]
  • 1719: Potatoes first introduced in North America: Scottish-Irish settlers bring them to New Hampshire.[59]
  • 1740: The harsh winter of 1740 damages many crops but not potatoes, hastening their adoption in Europe.[18]
  • 1760: Egg nog was invented in North Carolina and was a common alcoholic beverage.[63]
  • 1767: Soda Water was invented in Leeds, England.[64]
  • 1770: Potato introduced in Australasia by Captain James Cook.[59]
  • 1772: Antoine-Augustin Parmentier writes the treaty Examen chymique des pommes de terres, promoting the introduction of potato in France.[65]
  • 1774-1779: First shops selling ice cream appear in North America.[66]
  • 1778: Captain James Cook introduces watermelons to the Hawaii islands.[30]
  • 1794: Potatoes are finally firmly part of the Dutch cuisine.[18]

19th century

20th century

See also

References

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