Trema (plant)

Trema is a genus of about 15 species of evergreen trees closely related to the hackberries (Celtis), occurring in subtropical and tropical regions of southern Asia, northern Australasia, Africa, South and Central America, and parts of North America.[1] They are generally small trees, reaching 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall.

For other uses, see Trema (disambiguation).

Trema
Flowers & leaves of T. orientalis at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Trema
Lour. 1790
Species

About 15 species; see text

Synonyms
  • Parasponia Miq. 1851
  • Sponia Comm. ex Decne. 1834

Taxonomy

Previously included either in the elm family, Ulmaceae, or with Celtis in the Celtidaceae, genetic analysis has shown the Celtidaceae are best placed in the hemp family, Cannabaceae.[2]

Description

The leaves are alternate, simple, 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) long, ovate-acuminate to lanceolate with a long pointed tip, and evenly serrated margins. The fruit is a small drupe 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) in diameter.

Species associations

Trema species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genera Aenetus, including A. splendens, which burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down, and Endoclita, including E. malabaricus.

Uses

Trema orientalis is widely planted for land reclamation in southern Asia, valued for its tolerance of poor soils due to its ability to fix nitrogen. It is also an invasive species on some Pacific Ocean islands.

  • Bark of T. orientalis at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
  • Flowers of T. orientalis in Goa, India.
  • Leaves of T. orientalis in Goa, India.
  • Flowers of T. orientalis in Goa, India.
  • Branches of T. orientalis at Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Species

Trema comprises the following species:[3][4]

  • Trema affinis (Planch.) Blume
  • Trema amboinensis (Willd.) Blume
  • Trema andersonii (Planch.) Byng & Christenh.
  • Trema angustifolium (Planch.) Blume
  • Trema asperum (Brongn.) Blume
  • Trema cannabinum Lour. – Lesser trema
  • Trema cubense Urb.
  • Trema discolor (Brongniart) Blume
  • Trema domingense Urb.
  • Trema eurhynchum (Miq.) Byng & Christenh.
  • Trema integerrima (Beurl.) Standl.
  • Trema lamarckianum (Roem. & Schult.) Blume – West Indian trema, Lamarck's trema
  • Trema levigatum Hand.-Mazz.
  • Trema melastomatifolium (J.J.Sm.) Byng & Christenh.
  • Trema micranthum (L.) Blume – Jamaican nettle tree
  • Trema nitidum C.J. Chen
  • Trema orientale (L.) Blume – Pigeon wood
  • Trema parviflorum (Miq.) Byng & Christenh.
  • Trema politorium (Planch.) Blume
  • Trema simulans (Merr. & L.M.Perry) Byng & Christenh.
  • Trema tomentosum (Roxb.) H.Hara – Poison peach
  • Trema vieillardii (Planch.) Schltr.

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:[3]

  • Parasponia paucinervia Merr. & L.M.Perry
  • Parasponia rugosa Blume
  • Parasponia similis Blume
  • Trema acuminatissima Boerl.
  • Trema argentea Blume
  • Trema blancoi Blume
  • Trema bracteolata Blume
  • Trema burmanni Blume
  • Trema carinata Blume
  • Trema crassifolia Liebm.
  • Trema glabrescens Blume
  • Trema glomerata Blume
  • Trema griffithii Blume
  • Trema guinensis Priemer
  • Trema humbertii J.-F.Leroy
  • Trema imbricata Blume
  • Trema integrifolia Baill.
  • Trema integrifolia Hosok.
  • Trema lancifolia Ridl.
  • Trema malaccensis Gand.
  • Trema morifolia Blume
  • Trema pallida Blume
  • Trema philippinensis Elmer
  • Trema pubigera Blume
  • Trema rigida Blume
  • Trema rugosa Blume
  • Trema scaberrima Blume
  • Trema sieberi Blume
  • Trema strigilosa Lundell
  • Trema strigosa Blume
  • Trema viridis Blume
  • Trema vulcanica Merr.

References
  1. "Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Jamaican nettletree". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  2. Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Morawetz, Jeffery; Pires, J. Chris; Nepokroeff, Molly; Conti, Elena; Zjhra, Michelle; Hall, Jocelyn C. & Chase, Mark W. (2002), "Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences", American Journal of Botany, 89 (9): 1531–1546, doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531, PMID 21665755
  3. "The Plant List entry for Trema". The Plant List, v.1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  4. Govaerts R. "Trema Lour.". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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