Trypanites

Trypanites is a narrow, cylindrical, unbranched boring which is one of the most common trace fossils in hard substrates such as rocks, carbonate hardgrounds and shells (Bromley, 1972). It appears first in the Lower Cambrian (James et al., 1977), was very prominent in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution (Wilson and Palmer, 2006), and is still commonly formed today. Trypanites is almost always found in calcareous substrates, most likely because the excavating organism used an acid or other chemical agent to dissolve the calcium carbonate (Taylor and Wilson, 2003). Trypanites is common in the Ordovician and Silurian hardgrounds of Baltica (Vinn et al. 2015).

Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky.
Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky. The borings are filled with diagenetic dolomite (yellowish). Note that the boring on the far right cuts through a shell in the matrix.

References
  • Bromley, R.G. (1972). "On some ichnotaxa in hard substrates, with a redefinition of Trypanites Mägdefrau". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 46: 93–98. doi:10.1007/bf02989555.
  • Cole, A.R., Palmer, T.J. (1999). "Middle Jurassic worm borings, and a new giant ichnospecies of Trypanites from the Bajocian/Dinantian unconformity, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 10 (3): 203–209. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(99)80070-4.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • James, N.P., Kobluk, D.R., Pemberton, S.G. (1977). "The oldest macroborers: Lower Cambrian of Labrador". Science. 197 (4307): 980–983. Bibcode:1977Sci...197..980J. doi:10.1126/science.197.4307.980-a. PMID 17784131.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Taylor, P.D., Wilson. M.A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities". Earth-Science Reviews. 62 (1–2): 1–103. Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Vinn, O.; Wilson, M.A.; Toom, U. (2015). "Bioerosion of Inorganic Hard Substrates in the Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0134279. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034279V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134279. PMC 4517899. PMID 26218582. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  • Wilson, M.A., Palmer, T.J. (2006). "Patterns and processes in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution". Ichnos. 13 (3): 109–112. doi:10.1080/10420940600850505.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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