Tsukuba-class cruiser

The Tsukuba-class cruisers (筑波型 巡洋戦艦, Tsukuba-gata jun'yōsenkan) were a pair of large armored cruisers (Sōkō jun'yōkan) built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century. Construction began during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and their design was influenced by the IJN's experiences during the war. The British development of the battlecruiser the year after Tsukuba was completed made her and her sister ship Ikoma obsolete, as they were slower and more weakly armed than the British, and later German, ships. Despite this, they were reclassified in 1912 as battlecruisers by the IJN.

Colorized photo of Tsukuba at anchor at Kure, after 1913
Class overview
Name: Tsukuba
Builders: Kure Naval Arsenal
Operators:  Imperial Japanese Navy
Preceded by: Kasuga class
Succeeded by: Ibuki class
Built: 1905–1908
In service: 1907–1922
Planned: 2
Completed: 2
Lost: 1
Scrapped: 1
General characteristics
Type: Armored cruiser (later reclassified as battlecruiser)
Displacement: 13,750 long tons (13,970 t)
Length: 450 ft (137.2 m)
Beam: 75 ft (22.9 m)
Draft: 26 ft (7.9 m)
Installed power: 20 Miyabara water-tube boilers, 20,500 ihp (15,300 kW)
Propulsion:
Speed: 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph)
Complement: 820
Armament:
Armor:

Both ships played a small role in World War I as they unsuccessfully hunted for the German East Asia Squadron in late 1914. They became training ships later in the war. Tsukuba was destroyed in an accidental magazine explosion in 1917 and subsequently scrapped. Her sister was disarmed in 1922 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and broken up for scrap in 1924.

Background
Right elevation and plan of the Tsukuba-class cruisers from Brassey's Naval Annual 1915; the shaded areas represent armor.

About a month after the Russo-Japanese War began in February 1904, the Japanese Diet authorized a temporary special budget of ¥48,465,631 that would last until the end of the war. It included the 1904 War Naval Supplementary Program which authorized construction of two battleships and four armored cruisers, among other ships. Two of the latter became the Tsukuba-class cruisers which were ordered on 23 June.[1]

Based on the experience at the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904 where the Russians opened fire at ranges well beyond what had been anticipated before the war, the IJN decided to arm the ships with 12-inch (305 mm) guns, which outranged the smaller guns used by the existing Japanese armored cruisers.[2] The increase in armament was also justified by a change in the IJN's doctrine for these ships in which they were now intended to participate in the line of battle and overpower the enemy's screening armored cruisers.[3] The Tsukubas were "briefly the world's most powerful cruisers in service until the completion of the first true battlecruisers, the British Invincible class".[4] They were also the first capital ships to be designed and constructed entirely by Japan in a Japanese shipyard.[3]

Design and description

The Tsukuba-class design was very similar to that of the British Cressy-class armored cruiser, albeit some 1,750 long tons (1,780 t) larger. The Japanese ships were shorter and beamier, but shape of the hull and the positioning of the armament was almost identical, although the traditional ram bow was replaced by a clipper-style bow. The adoption of more powerful Miyabara water-tube boilers by the IJN allowed the number of boilers to be reduced from 30 in the British ships to 20 in the Tsukuba-class ships with no loss of power or speed. This reduced the length required for their propulsion machinery and allowed the larger guns and their ammunition to be accommodated.[5]

The Tsukubas had an overall length of 450 feet (137.2 m) and a length between perpendiculars of 440 feet (134.1 m), a beam of 75 feet (22.9 m), and a normal draft of about 26 feet (7.9 m). They displaced 13,750 long tons (13,970 t) at normal load[6] and 15,400 long tons (15,600 t) at full load.[7] They had a metacentric height of 4 feet 5 inches (1.34 m) which made them bad gun platforms as they had a very quick roll.[8] The crew numbered about 820 officers and enlisted men.[7]

The Tsukuba-class ships had two 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft. Steam for the engines was provided by 20 Miyabara boilers with a working pressure of 16.8 kg/cm2 (1,648 kPa; 239 psi).[9] The engines were rated at a total of 20,500 indicated horsepower (15,300 kW) to give a designed speed of 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph). During their sea trials the ships reached 20.4 to 21.6 knots (37.8 to 40.0 km/h; 23.5 to 24.9 mph) from 22,670–23,260 ihp (16,910–17,340 kW).[7] The Tsukubas were first ships of the IJN to use fuel oil sprayed onto the coal for extra power[9] and carried up to 1,911 long tons (1,942 t) of coal and 160 long tons (160 t) of oil.[7]

Armament

The Tsukuba-class armored cruisers were armed with four 45-caliber 12-inch 41st Year Type guns. The guns were mounted in twin-gun hydraulically powered centerline turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. The guns had an elevation range of −3° to +23° and normally loaded their rounds at an angle of +5°, although loading at any angle up to +13° was theoretically possible.[10] They fired 850-pound (386 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,800 ft/s (850 m/s);[11] this provided a maximum range of 24,000 yd (22,000 m) with armor-piercing (AP) shells.[12] Their secondary armament consisted of a dozen Elswick Ordnance Company "Pattern GG" 45-caliber[13] 6-inch (152 mm) guns mounted in armored casemates on the middle and main decks. The eight guns on the middle deck were very close to the waterline and could not be used in bad weather.[14] Their 100-pound (45.4 kg) AP shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of 2,706 feet per second (825 m/s).[15]

Close-range defense against torpedo boats consisted of twelve quick-firing (QF), 4.7-inch 41st Year Type guns. Four of these were mounted in casemates in the bow and stern, while the remaining guns were positioned on the upper deck and protected by gun shields.[16] These guns fired 45-pound (20.4 kg) AP shells at a muzzle velocity of 2,150 feet per second (660 m/s).[17] The ships were also equipped with four 40-caliber QF 12-pounder 12-cwt guns.[18][Note 1] The 3-inch (76 mm) gun fired 12.5-pound (5.7 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,359 feet per second (719 m/s).[19] There were also four QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns.[20] The Tsukuba-class ships were equipped with three submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside, and one in the stern. All of the tubes in Tsukuba, and the stern tube in Ikoma, were 18 inches (457 mm) in diameter. The broadside tubes in Ikoma, however, were 21 inches (533 mm) in size.[16]

Armor

In order to keep the displacement down and the speed the same as in the earlier armored cruisers, armor in the Tsukuba class was about the same in thickness, although in an improved layout. The waterline armor belt of Krupp cemented armor was 7 inches (178 mm) thick between the 12-inch gun turrets although it was only 4 inches (102 mm) thick fore and aft of the turrets. Above it was a strake of 5-inch (127 mm) armor that extended between the barbettes and protected the 6-inch casemates. The aft ends of the main armor belt were connected to the main gun barbettes by 1-inch (25 mm) transverse bulkheads. The lack of a forward bulkhead and the thinness of the aft bulkhead were serious weaknesses in the ships' protection.[21]

The front of the main gun turrets were protected by armor plates 9.6 inches (244 mm) thick, the sides by 9-inch (229 mm) plates and they had a 1.5-inch (38 mm) roof. The main barbettes were protected by seven inches of armour. The thickness of the armored decks ranged in thickness from 1.5 inches on the flat and at the ends of the ship to 2 inches (51 mm) on the slope of the deck. The sides of the forward conning tower were 8 inches (203 mm) thick and it had a 3-inch roof.[22]

Ships in class
Ship Namesake Builder[2] Laid down[2] Launched[2] Completed[2]
Tsukuba Mount Tsukuba[23] Kure Naval Arsenal 14 January 1905 26 December 1905 14 January 1907
Ikoma Mount Ikoma[24] 15 March 1905 9 April 1906 24 March 1908

Construction and service
Colorized photo of Ikoma at anchor at Kure, 1908

The Yokosuka Naval Arsenal had the most experience in building warships, but the IJN feared a bombardment by the Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons then en route from the Baltic Sea and decided to build the Tsukubas at the less-exposed Kure Naval Arsenal, even though Kure's experience was with ship repair and conversions. This meant that skilled workers had to be brought from Yokosuka to train the workforce at Kure in construction techniques. Tsukuba was laid down after the newly constructed Slipway No. 3 was completed in November 1904 and Ikoma followed once the extension of Slipway No. 2 was finished. These ships were over three times larger than the biggest ship previously built in Japan, the 4,217-long-ton (4,285 t) protected cruiser Hashidate. Priority of effort was given to the building of Tsukuba and she was completed in a very creditable two years. Ikoma took an additional year to finish as the end of the war shortly after she was laid down reduced the pressure to complete her as fast as possible. In addition, her slipway initially lacked any cranes or derricks to lift heavy material until electrically powered steel shearleg derricks were improvised. Construction of both ships was somewhat delayed by difficulties in procuring enough steel plates and rivets; quantities of both had to be imported from the United States.[25]

Tsukuba moving at slow speed, before 1913

Possibly due to the speed at which she was constructed, Tsukuba reportedly suffered from numerous defects.[7] Shortly after she was completed in 1907, the ship sailed for America where she participated in the Jamestown Exposition Naval Review in May.[26] The ship then sailed to Europe where she made numerous port visits over the next several months.[27][28] While in Britain, Tsukuba was fitted with a Vickers fire-control system that calculated the firing data for each gun and with which the gunnery officer fired the guns in unison.[16] Ikoma visited England in July 1910 as part of the Japan–British Exhibition.[29]

The Tsukuba-class ships were reclassified as battlecruisers in 1912.[2] Around 1913–14, the main deck 6-inch guns were removed and six were reinstalled on the upper deck where they replaced four 4.7-inch guns. This gave them a total of ten 6-inch and eight 4.7-inch guns.[14] Shortly after the beginning of World War I in August 1914, Tsukuba was assigned to the 1st South Seas Squadron that searched for the East Asia Squadron in the German-owned islands in the Central Pacific.[30] On 7 October, a landing party from the ship occupied Ponape in the Caroline Islands.[31] Ikoma joined the squadron in November, shortly before it moved to Fiji in December.[32] Tsukuba was assigned as a gunnery training ship in 1916. By 1917, both ships were assigned to the 2nd Division[33] and Tsukuba was sunk by a magazine explosion on 14 January with the loss of 305 crewmen; her wreck was later salvaged and scrapped.[2]

Ikoma became a gunnery training ship in her turn in 1918[33] and her armament was augmented by a pair of 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type anti-aircraft (AA) guns the following year. She was re-rated back to first-class cruiser in 1921 and disarmed in 1922 to fulfill the requirements of the Washington Naval Treaty. The ship was broken up in November 1924.[7]

Notes
  1. "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Footnotes
  1. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 53–54
  2. Gardiner & Gray, p. 233
  3. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 55
  4. Evans & Peattie, p. 159
  5. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 64
  6. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 54
  7. Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 77
  8. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 57–58
  9. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 73
  10. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 64, 67, 79
  11. Friedman, p. 272
  12. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 67
  13. Friedman, p. 276
  14. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 68
  15. Friedman, pp. 90, 276
  16. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, p. 71
  17. Friedman, p. 278
  18. Silverstone, p. 314
  19. Friedman, p. 114
  20. Hansgeorg., Jentschura (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945. Jung, Dieter, Mickel, Peter. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 087021893X. OCLC 3273325.
  21. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 72–73
  22. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 67–68, 72–73
  23. Silverstone, p. 338
  24. Silverstone, p. 331
  25. Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara, pp. 56–57
  26. Yarsinske, p. 125
  27. "Japanese Cruisers Leave". Nottingham Evening Post. 20 June 1907. p. 5. Retrieved 13 June 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  28. "King Victor Emmanuel Received". Western Times. 29 August 1907. p. 2. Retrieved 13 June 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  29. "Honouring an Exhibition". Cambridge Independent Press. 1 July 1910. p. 1. Retrieved 13 June 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  30. Corbett, I, p. 290
  31. Peattie, pp. 62–63
  32. Hirama, p. 142
  33. Preston, p. 191

References
  • Corbett, Julian. Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed.). London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press. ISBN 0-89839-256-X.
  • Evans, David & Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
  • Gibbs, Jay (2010). "Question 28/43: Japanese Ex-Naval Coast Defense Guns". Warship International. XLVII (3): 217–218. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Hirama, Yoichi (2004). "Japanese Naval Assistance and its Effect on Australian-Japanese Relations". In Phillips Payson O'Brien (ed.). The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 140–58. ISBN 0-415-32611-7.
  • Itani, Jiro; Lengerer, Hans & Rehm-Takahara, Tomoko (1992). "Japan's Proto-Battlecruisers: The Tsukuba and Kurama Classes". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Warship 1992. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 42–79. ISBN 0-85177-603-5.
  • Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  • Lengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Volume I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2.
  • Peattie, Mark R. (1992). Nan'yō: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945. Pacific Islands Monograph. 4. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1480-0.
  • Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-300-1.
  • Sieche, Erwin F. (1990). "Austria-Hungary's Last Visit to the USA". Warship International. XXVII (2): 142–164. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
  • Yarsinske, Amy Waters (1999). Jamestown Exposition: American Imperialism on Parade. I. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0102-6.
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