Turin King List

The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum)[1] in Turin. The papyrus is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II.

1904 version of attempt to assemble parts of the Turin King list

Creation and use

The papyrus is believed to date from the reign of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.

The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manetho's book. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources.

The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta. The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (enclosing borders which indicate the name of a king), and a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners, although typically on King Lists foreign rulers are not listed.

The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt – including mythical kings such as gods, demi-gods, and spirits, as well as human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. As such, the papyrus is less likely to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to include all the kings of Egypt known to its writers up to the 19th or 20th Dynasty.

Discovery and reconstruction

The papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1820 at Luxor (Thebes), Egypt and was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated Papyrus Number 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion, examining it, could recognize only some of the larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research.

The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth (1796–1885) re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine the meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction.

In 1997, prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C." After another study of the papyrus, an updated version from Ryholt is expected. Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although many of the list's names correspond to monuments and other documents, there are some discrepancies and not all of the names correspond, questioning the absolute reliability of the document for pre-Ramesses II chronology.

Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of the papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m wide, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009, previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition.[2] A new edition of the papyrus is expected.

The name Hudjefa, found twice in the papyrus, is now known to have been used by the royal scribes of the Ramesside era during the 19th Dynasty, when the scribes compiled king lists such as the Saqqara King List and the royal canon of Turin and the name of a deceased pharaoh was unreadable, damaged, or completely erased.

Contents of the papyrus

The papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so badly damaged.

  • Column 1 — Gods of Ancient Egypt
  • Column 2 — Gods of Ancient Egypt, spirits and mythical kings
  • Column 3 — Rows 11-25 (Dynasties 1-2)
  • Column 4 — Rows 1-25 (Dynasties 2-5)
  • Column 5 — Rows 1-26 (Dynasties 6-8/9/10)
  • Column 6 — Rows 12-25 (Dynasties 11-12)
  • Column 7 — Rows 1-2 (Dynasties 12-13)
  • Column 8 — Rows 1-23 (Dynasty 13)
  • Column 9 — Rows 1-27 (Dynasty 13-14)
  • Column 10 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasty 14)
  • Column 11 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasties 14-17)
Turin King List with 2013 corrections of positions for some fragments – table representation of rows from the original papyrus, translated into hieroglyphs

These are the actual names written on the papyrus, omitting the years, summations and headings:

First Column
RowNameNotesTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
12Ra---
13..probably Shu[3]---
14Gebgb
15Osiriswsir
16SetstH
17HorusHr
18ThothDHwti
19MaatmAat
20Hor..possibly HaroerisHr..
Second Column
RowNameNotesTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
1Hab"Ibis"hAb
2Aped"Bird"Apd
3Hepu"Apis bull"Hpw
4Shemsu"Follower"Smsw
5Meni..mni..
6Werqa.."Great of height"wr-qA..
8Af..i[f]..
9Set..cf. 1.16stH..
10Sunu.."Doctor"swnw..
11Horus..cf. 1.17Hrw..
14Ni-ib.."Does not thirst"n ib..
16Nesensebk..sew..very uncertain
16Pensetensepet.."Clods of the shore"pns.t n spt
17Her-hemut-shepsesut.."Possessor of noble women"Xr-Hm.wt-Sps.w[t]..
18Khu-hemut-shepsesut.."Protector of noble women"xw-Hm.wt[-Sps.wt?]..
22Sokar..cf. Sekerskr..
23Iaret..cf. Uraeusar[t]..
Third Column
RowNameNotesTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
2Spiritsgroup of kingsAxw
3Spiritsgroup of kingsAxw
6Followers of Horusgroup of kingsSmsw Hr
Second(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
11MenesMenimni<-Y5:N35-M17->𓏠𓈖𓇋
12Hor-AhaTetittij<-X1:X1-M17-Z4->𓏏𓏏𓇋𓏭
13DjerIti, Itaiti<-M17-X1-//-G7->𓇋𓏏…𓅆
15DjetItuiitjwi<-//-G4#12-M17->…𓅂𓇋
16DenQentiqntj<-Aa8:X1*Z4->𓐖𓏏𓏭
17AnedjibMerbiapenmr-biA-pn<-U7:D21-U17-Q3:N35-//->𓌻𓂋𓍅𓊪𓈖…
18SemerkhetSemsemsmsm<-S29-G17-S29-G17->𓋴𓅓𓋴𓅓
19Qa'a(Qe)behqbH<-//-D58-V28-G7->…𓃀𓎛𓅆
20HotepsekhemwyBaunetjerbAw-nTr<-//-G30-R4:Q3-G7->…𓅢𓊵𓊪𓅆
21NebreKakaukA-kAw<-//-E2-D52:Z1*Z1*Z1-G7->…𓃓𓂸𓏤𓏤𓏤𓅆
22NynetjerBanetjerbA-nTr<-//-R8-D21:N35-G7->…𓊹𓂋𓈖𓅆
23Wadjnes..s..s<-//-//-S29-G7->… …𓋴𓅆
24SenedjSened..snDi<-G54-//->𓅾…
25Neferkara INeferkanfr-kA<-O29-D28-Z1->𓉼𓂓𓏤
Third(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
2NeferkasokarNeferkasokarnfr-kA-skr<-F35-D28-Z1-O34:V31:D21-Z5-G7->𓄤𓂓𓏤𓊃𓎡𓂋𓏯𓅆
3KhasekhemwyBebtibbtj<-D58-D58-N21-G7->𓃀𓃀𓈅𓅆
4NebkaNebkanbkA<-V30-D28-Z1->𓎟𓂓𓏤
5DjoserDjoser..itDsr..it<-D45:D21-M17-.:X1#12-G7->𓂦𓂋𓇋𓏏𓅆
6SekhemkhetDjosertiDsrti<-D45:D21-X1:Z4-G7->𓂦𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆
7Hudjefa IIHudjefaHwDfA<-O34-I10-S29->𓊃𓆓𓋴
8HuniHuniHwni<-V28-Z5-A25-//-G7->𓎛𓏯𓀝…𓅆
9SneferuSenefersnfr<-S29-F35-I9:D21-G7->𓋴𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆
12Khafre..kha....xa..<-//-N28-D36-//-G7->…𓈍𓂝…𓅆
17Userkaf..kaf..kAf<-//-//-D28:I9-G7->… …𓂓𓆑𓅆
23MenkauhorMenkahormn-kA-HrG5-<-G7-Y5:N35-D28-Z1-G7->𓅃𓅆𓏠𓈖𓂓𓏤𓅆
24DjedkareDjedDd<-R11-R11->𓊽𓊽
25UnasUniswnis<-E34:N35-M17-S29->𓃹𓈖𓇋𓋴
Fourth(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
7Neitiqerty SiptahNeitiqertyntiqrti<-N35:X1*Z5-M17-N29-D21:X1*Z4-G7->𓈖𓏏𓏯𓇋𓈎𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆
9MenkareNeferkanfr-kA<-F35-D28-Z1-G7->𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆
10Neferkare IINefernfr<-F35-I9:D21-G7->𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆
11IbiIbiibi<-M17-D58-E8->𓇋𓃀𓃙
20Neferkare VIINeferkarenfr-kA-ra<-N5-F35-D28-Z1-G7#12->𓇳𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆
21Nebkaure KhetyKhetyXti<-F32:X1-A50-M17-M17-G7->𓄡𓏏𓀻𓇌𓅆
22Senenh..Senenh..snnh..<-S29-M22-M22-N35:N35-A53-.:O4-//>𓋴𓇒𓈖𓈖𓀾𓉔 …
24Mer..Mer..mrr..<-U7:D21-//->𓌻𓂋 …
25Shed..Shed..Sd..<-F30:D46#24-//->𓄞𓂧 …
26H..H..H..<-V28-//->𓎛 …
Fifth(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
12Mentuhotep IWah..wAH..<-V28#1234-//->𓎛𓏏…
14Intef II..n....n..<-//-N35-//->…𓈖…
16Mentuhotep IINebhepetrenb-hpt-ra<-N5:V30-P8->𓇳𓎟𓊤
17Mentuhotep IIISeankhkares-anx-kA-ra<-S29#34-S34#34-N35:Aa1-D28#34->𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓂓
20Amenemhat I..pib....p-ib..<-//-.:Q3-.:F34-.:Z1-G7->…𓊪𓄣𓏤𓅆
21Senusret I..ka....kA..<-//-D28-Z1->…𓂓𓏤
Sixth(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage Unicode Representation
1Amenemhat IVMaakheruremAa-xrw-ra<-N5-U5:D36-P8-V1-A2->𓇳𓌷𓂝𓊤𓍢𓀁
2SobekneferuSobeknefrure..nfrw-ra𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓆊𓅆
5Wegaf or Sobekhotep IKhutawirexwt-Awi-ra<-N5-D43:N17:N17#1234->𓇳𓂤𓇿𓇿
6Sekhemkare SonbefSekhemkaresxm-kA-ra<-N5#123-Y8#1234-D28#1234-Z1->𓇳𓏣𓂓𓏤
7Sekhemkare Amenemhat VAmenemhat..reimn-m-HAtN5-Y5:.#34-G17-F4:X1*Z1-G7𓇳𓏠𓅓𓄂𓏏𓏤𓅆
8HotepibreSehetepibresHtp-ib-raN5-S29-R4:X1*Q3-F34𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤
9IufniIufeniiwfnii-Z7-f-n:A1𓇋𓏲𓆑𓈖𓀀
10Amenemhet VISeankhibres-anx-ib-rara-s-anx-ib𓇳𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓄣𓏤
11Semenkare NebnuniSemenkaresmn-kA-rara-s-mn:n-kA𓇳𓋴𓏠𓈖𓂓
12SehetepibreSehetepibresHtp-ib-raN5-s-R4:t*p-ib-Z1𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤
13SewadjkareSewadjkareswAD-kA-rara-s-wAD-kA𓇳𓋴𓇅𓂓
14NedjemibreNedjemibrenDm-ib-rara-nDm-m-mDAt-ib𓇳𓇛𓅓𓏛𓄣
15Khaankhre SobekhotepSebek..p..resbk-(Htp)-ra//-N5-I4-//…𓇳𓆋…
16RensenebRensenebrn..nbwr:n-A2-//-n:b-Y1𓂋𓈖𓀁…𓈖𓃀𓏛
17Awybre Hor IAutibreAwt-ib-rara-Aw-Z7:t-Y1:Z2-ib-Z1𓇳𓄫𓏲𓏏𓏛𓏥𓄣𓏤
18Amenemhat VIISedjefakaresDfa-kA-rara-s-D:f-A-//-kA𓇳𓋴𓆓𓆑…𓂓𓏤
19Sekhemre Khutawy SobekhotepAmenemhatsebekhotepimn-m-hAt-sbk-HtpM17-Y5:N35-G17-F4:X1-I4-R4:X1-Q3𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓆋𓊵𓏏𓊪
20KhendjerUser..re ..djerwsr..ra..nDrN5-F12-//-Z1-N5:N35-M36:D21𓇳𓄊…𓏤𓇳𓈖𓇥𓂋
21Imyremeshaw..kare..kA-ra<-N5-//-D28-G7->𓇳…𓂓𓅆
22Intef IV..re..ra//-D28-Z1-G7-W25:N35-X1:I9-G7…𓂓𓏤𓅆𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓅆
23Seth Meribre..ibre..seth..ib-ra..stXN5-Y8-//-I5-Htp:t-p𓇳𓏣…𓆌𓊵𓏏𓊪
25Neferhotep IKhamaatreneferhotepxa..ra..nfr-HtpN5-N28:D36:Y1-//-F35-R4:X1-Q3𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛…𓄤𓊵𓏏𓊪
26Sihathor(Re)SahathorsA-Hwt-Hr<-N5-O6-X1:O1-G5-G7-G38-Z1-G7->𓇳𓉗𓏏𓉐𓅃𓅆𓅬𓏤𓅆
27Sobekhotep IVKhaneferre-Sobekhotepxa-nfr-ra-sbk-Htp<-N5-N28:D36-Y1-F35-I3-R4:X1-Q3->𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛𓄤𓆊𓊵𓏏𓊪
Seventh(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage
1Sobekhotep VIKhaheteprehotepxa-Htp-ra-HtpN5-N28:D36*Y1-R4:X1-Q3-G7
2Wahibre IbiauWahibreibiauwAH-ib-ra-ibiawra-wAH-H-Y1-ib-Z1-i-a:mw-A24-ib-Z1
3Merneferre AyMerneferremr-nfr-raN5-U7:D21-F35
4Merhotepre IniMerhetepremr-Htp-raN5-U6-R4:X1*Q3
5Sankhenre SewadjtuSeankhenresewadjtus-anx-n-ra-swDtwira-s-anx-n:x-n-s-wAD-t-Z7
6Mersekhemre InedMersekhemre Inedmr-sxm-ra-indra-U7:r-sxm-Z1-i-in:n-d:wr
7HoriSewadjkare HoriswAD-kA-ra-HriN5-S29-M13-S28-Z1-G7-G5-M17
8Merkawre SobekhotepMerkawre Sobek..mr-kAw-ra-sbk..N5-U7:D21-Z1-D28-Z1-//-I3-//
13Djedneferre Dedumose..mosei-m-s-s//-F31-S29-Z5
14Ibi..maat..re Ibi..mAat-ra-ibi<-N5-//-X1-H6->-G7-M17-E8-M17-A1
15HorWebenre Hor..wbn-Hr<-N5-//-G43-D58-N35:N5->-G7-G5
16Se..kareSe..kares..kA-raN5-S29-//-D28-Z1-G7
17Seheqenre Sankhptahi..enre..enraN5-//-Y1:N35
22MerkheperreMerkheperremr-xpr-raN5-U7:D21-L1
23MerkareMerka..mr..kA..//-U7:.#234-D28-Z1
Eighth(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage
1NehesyNehesynḥsiG21-V28-S29-Z4-T14
2KhatyreKhatyrexa.ti-raN5-N28:D36*Y1-U33-Z4
3NebfautreNebfaurenb-fAw-t-raN5-V30:I9-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2
4SehebreSehabresHb-raN5-S29-V28-b-W3:N5
5MerdjefareMerdjefaremr-DfA-raN5-U7:D21-G42-G41:G37
6Sewadjkare IIISewadjkareswAD-kA-raN5-S29-M13-D28-Z1
7NebdjefareNeb("erased")renb-DfA-raN5-N5:V30-I10:I9-G42-Z7-G41:G37
8WebenreWebenrewbn-raN5-Z7-D58-N35:N5-G7
10..re("erased")re..ra..dfAN5-//-G41:G37
11..webenre..wbn..ra//-D58#3-N35:N5-G7
12AutibreAutibreAw-t-ib-raN5-F40-Z7:X1-Y1:Z2-F34-Z1
13HeribreHeribrehr-ib-raN5-O4-D21:Y1-F34-Z1
14NebsenreNebsenranb-sn-raN5-V30-S29-N35:Z2
16SekheperenreSekheperenres-xpr-n-raN5-S29-L1-D21:N35
17DjedkherureDjedkherureDd-xrw-raN5-R11-G7-P8-Z7
18SeankhibreSeankhibres-anx-ib-raN5-S29-S34-N35:Aa1-F34-Z1
19Kanefertemre(Ka)nefertemrekA-nfr-tm-raN5-F35-X1:U15-//-G7
20Sekhem..reSekhem..resxm..raN5-S42-G17-//
21KakemureKa..kemurekA..kmw-raN5-D28-D52:E1-//-I6-Z7:X1-E1
22NeferibreNeferib..renfr-ib-raN5-F35-F34-//
23I..reI..rei..raN5-M17-A2-//
24Kha..reKha..rexa..raN5-N28:D36*Y1-//
25AakareAakareaA-kA-raN5-O29v-D28-//
26Semen..reSemen..resmn..raN5-S29-Y5:N35-//
27Djed..reDjed..reDd..ra<-N5-R11-R11-//
Ninth(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage
7Senefer..reSenefer..res-nfr..raN5-S29-F35-//
8Men..reMen(ib)..remn-ib..raN5-Y5:N35-ib*Z1#1234
9Djed..Djed..Dd..R11*R11#34-//
14InenekInenekin-n-kM17-K1:N35:V31A-//
15InebInebinbiM17-A1-V30-//
16'ApepiIp..ip..M17-A1-Q3-//
17HabHabhbiM17-O4-G1-D58
18SaSasAG39-Z1
19HepuHepuHpwAa5:Q3-Z7-E1
20ShemsuShemsuSmswT18-S29-Z7-D54
21MeniMenimniY5:N35-M17-//
22Werqa..werqa..wr-qAiG36:D21-N29-A28
25..ka..ka..kA..<-//-A2-D28-Z1->
26..ka..ka..kA..<-//-D28-Z1->
28..ren..hepu..ren..hepu....rn-Hpw..<-//-D21:N35->-G7-Aa5:Q3-Z7-Y1
29AnatiAnatiin-nti<-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-V30:N35-N35:G1-U33-M17-D54
30Bebnum..ka.. Bebnem..kA..bbnm<-//-D28-Z1-G7->-G7-D58-D58-N35:Z2-G17-D54
Tenth(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage
1I..I..iwf..M17-//
2Seth IISethstH..<-C7-G7-//->
3Sunu..Sunu..swnw<-T11-W24-Z7-//->
4Hor..Hor..ḥr..<-G5-G7://-//->
7Nib..Nib..nib..<-D35-M17-D58-E8-N35A#24-/->
8Mer..en..Mer..en..mr..n..<-U6://-N35://-G7->
9PenensetensepetPenensetensepetpnnstt-n-sptQ3:N35:N35-S29-K3:X1*X1-N35-S29-Q3:X1
10KherethebshepesuKherethebshepesuxrt-Hb-Spsw<-T28:D21-W3:X1*B1-Z3A-A50-Z3A-//->
11Khut..hemetKhut..hemetxw..Hmt..<-Aa1:D43-Z7-//-N42:X1-B1-//->
20KhamudiKhamudixA-mdw-ixA-A-m-Z7-d:y-T14
25Zeket..Zeket..skt..<-O34:V31:X1*Z5-//-Z1-G7-//->
26Ar..Ar..Ar..<-D36:D21-//->
29..nia....nia....niA..//-G7-N35-M17-G1-//
Eleventh(?) Column
RowCommon nameName in listTransliterationManuel de Codage
1Sekhemre Sementawy DjehutiSekhem..resxm..ra<-N5-S42-Z1-//->
2Sekhemre Susertawi Sobekhotep VIIISekhem..resxm..ra<-N5-S42-Z1-G7-//->
3Sekhemre Sankhtawy Neferhotep IIISekhemre S..sxm-ra-s..<-N5-S42-Z1-G7-S29-//->
4Sewadjenre Nebiryraw ISewadjenre..swAD-n-ra..<-N5-S29-M13-N35:.#234-//->
5NebiriaureNebiriaurenb-iri-Aw-ra#b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e
6NebiretaureNebiretaurenb-iri-Awt-ra#b-<-N5-V30-M17-D21:Z4-X1:.-F40-Z7-Y1:Z2->#e
7SemenreSemenresmn-ra#b-<-N5-S29-Y5:N35-U32-Y1:.*Z1->#e
8Seuserenre BebiankhSeuserre..s-wsr-ra..#b-<-N5-S29-F12-S29-D21:D36->#e
9Sekhemre ShedwasetSekhemre Shedwasetsxm-ra-Sd-wAst<-N5-S42-F30:D46-A24-R19-X1:O49-G7->
16User..reUser..rewsr..ra<-N5-F12-D21:.#1234-//->
17User..User..wsr..<-F12#3-//->
  • The Manuel de Codage text was written using the Open Source hieroglyphic editor JSesh.

See also

References

  1. "Museo Egizio homepage" (in Italian). Retrieved 20 December 2010. (in English)
  2. Vittorio Sabadin (19 Feb 2009). "I faraoni scomparsi nel buco" [The Pharaohs disappeared into the hole] (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2012-02-23.
  3. Eduard Meyer (1904). "Egyptian chronology". Retrieved 16 December 2020.

Bibliography

  • Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. ISBN 0-900416-48-3)
  • von Beckerath, J. (1995). "Some Remarks on Helck's 'Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus'". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 81: 225–227. JSTOR 3821822.
  • Beckerath, J. V. (1962). "The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 21 (2): 140–147. doi:10.1086/371680.
  • Bennett, Chris (2002). "A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 39: 123–155. doi:10.2307/40001152. JSTOR 40001152.
  • George Adam Smith, "Chaldean Account of Genesis" (Whittingham & Wilkins, London, 1872) (Reprint 2005. Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 1-4021-8590-1) p290 Contains a different translation of the Turin Papyrus in a chart about "dynasty of gods".
  • Kenneth A. Kitchen "King Lists" The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • K. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997. ISBN 87-7289-421-0.
  • K. Ryholt, "The Turin King-List", Ägypten und Levante 14, 2004, pp. 135–155. This is a detailed description of the king-list, the information it provides, and its sources.
  • Málek, Jaromír. "The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68, (1982): 93-106.
  • Spalinger, Anthony. "Review of: 'The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B. C.' by K.S.B. Ryholt." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60, no. 4 (October 2001): 296-300.
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