Turnover number

In enzymology, turnover number (also termed k_cat) is defined as the maximum number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single active site will execute for a given enzyme concentration ${\displaystyle [E_{T}]}$ for enzymes with two or more active sites.[1] For enzymes with a single active site, k_cat is referred to as the catalytic constant.[2] It can be calculated from the maximum reaction rate ${\displaystyle V_{\max }}$ and catalyst site concentration ${\displaystyle [E_{T}]}$ as follows:

${\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {cat} }={\frac {V_{\max }}{[E_{T}]}}}$ (See Michaelis-Menten kinetics).

Turnover number has two different meanings:

In other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis, turnover number (abbreviated TON) has a different meaning: the number of moles of substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before becoming inactivated.[3] An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover number in this sense, because it wouldn't ever be consumed, but in actual practice one often sees turnover numbers which go from 100 up to 40 million for catalase. The term turnover frequency (abbreviated TOF) is used to refer to the turnover per unit time, as in enzymology. For most relevant industrial applications, the turnover frequency is in the range of 10⁻² – 10² s⁻¹ (enzymes 10³ – 10⁷ s⁻¹).^[1] Turnover frequency of catalase is maximum i.e. 4 X 10⁷ s⁻¹.