Twelfth root of two

The twelfth root of two or ${\sqrt[{12}]{2}}$ (or equivalently $2^{1/12}$ ) is an algebraic irrational number. It is most important in Western music theory, where it represents the frequency ratio (musical interval) of a semitone (Play ) in twelve-tone equal temperament. This number was proposed for the first time in relationship to musical tuning in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It allows measurement and comparison of different intervals (frequency ratios) as consisting of different numbers of a single interval, the equal tempered semitone (for example, a minor third is 3 semitones, a major third is 4 semitones, and perfect fifth is 7 semitones).[lower-alpha 1] A semitone itself is divided into 100 cents (1 cent = ${\sqrt[{1200}]{2}}=2^{1/1200}$ ).

Octaves (12 semitones) increase exponentially when measured on a linear frequency scale (Hz).

Octaves are equally spaced when measured on a logarithmic scale (cents).

The equal-tempered chromatic scale

A musical interval is a ratio of frequencies and the equal-tempered chromatic scale divides the octave (which has a ratio of 2:1) into twelve parts.

Applying this value successively to the tones of a chromatic scale, starting from A above middle C (known as A₄) with a frequency of 440 Hz, produces the following sequence of pitches:

Note	Standard interval name(s) relating to A 440	Frequency (Hz)	Multiplier	Coefficient (to six places)	Just intonation ratio
A	Unison	440.00	2^⁰⁄₁₂	1.000000	1
A♯/B♭	Minor second/Half step/Semitone	466.16	2^¹⁄₁₂	1.059463	≈ ¹⁶⁄₁₅
B	Major second/Full step/Whole tone	493.88	2^²⁄₁₂	1.122462	≈ ⁹⁄₈
C	Minor third	523.25	2^³⁄₁₂	1.189207	≈ ⁶⁄₅
C♯/D♭	Major third	554.37	2^⁴⁄₁₂	1.259921	≈ ⁵⁄₄
D	Perfect fourth	587.33	2^⁵⁄₁₂	1.334839	≈ ⁴⁄₃
D♯/E♭	Augmented fourth/Diminished fifth/Tritone	622.25	2^⁶⁄₁₂	1.414213	≈ ⁷⁄₅
E	Perfect fifth	659.26	2^⁷⁄₁₂	1.498307	≈ ³⁄₂
F	Minor sixth	698.46	2^⁸⁄₁₂	1.587401	≈ ⁸⁄₅
F♯/G♭	Major sixth	739.99	2^⁹⁄₁₂	1.681792	≈ ⁵⁄₃
G	Minor seventh	783.99	2^{¹⁰⁄₁₂}	1.781797	≈ ⁹⁄₅
G♯/A♭	Major seventh	830.61	2^{¹¹⁄₁₂}	1.887748	≈ ¹⁵⁄₈
A	Octave	880.00	2^{¹²⁄₁₂}	2.000000	2

The final A (A₅: 880 Hz) is exactly twice the frequency of the lower A (A₄: 440 Hz), that is, one octave higher.

The just or Pythagorean perfect fifth is 3/2, and the difference between the equal tempered perfect fifth and the just is a grad, the twelfth root of the Pythagorean comma (¹²√531441/524288). The equal tempered Bohlen–Pierce scale uses the interval of the thirteenth root of three (¹³√3). Stockhausen's Studie II (1954) makes use of the twenty-fifth root of five (²⁵√5), a compound major third divided into 5x5 parts. The delta scale is based on ≈⁵⁰√3/2, the gamma scale is based on ≈²⁰√3/2, the beta scale is based on ≈¹¹√3/2, and the alpha scale is based on ≈⁹√3/2.

Pitch adjustment

One octave of 12-tet on a monochord (linear)

The chromatic circle depicts equal distances between notes (logarithmic)

Since the frequency ratio of a semitone is close to 106% ( $1.05946\times 100=105.946$ ), increasing or decreasing the playback speed of a recording by 6% will shift the pitch up or down by about one semitone, or "half-step". Upscale reel-to-reel magnetic tape recorders typically have pitch adjustments of up to ±6%, generally used to match the playback or recording pitch to other music sources having slightly different tunings (or possibly recorded on equipment that was not running at quite the right speed). Modern recording studios utilize digital pitch shifting to achieve similar results, ranging from cents up to several half-steps (note that reel-to-reel adjustments also affect the tempo of the recorded sound, while digital shifting does not).

DJ turntables can have an adjustment up to ±20%, but this is more often used for beat synchronization between songs than for pitch adjustment, which is mostly useful only in transitions between beatless and ambient parts. For beatmatching music of high melodic content the DJ would primarily try to look for songs that sound harmonic together when set to equal tempo.

History

Historically this number was proposed for the first time in relationship to musical tuning in 1580 (drafted, rewritten 1610) by Simon Stevin.[2] In 1581 Italian musician Vincenzo Galilei may be the first European to suggest twelve-tone equal temperament.[1] The twelfth root of two was first calculated in 1584 by the mathematician and musician Zhu Zaiyu using an abacus to reach twenty four decimal places,[1] calculated circa 1605 by Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin,[1] in 1636 by the French mathematician Marin Mersenne and in 1691 by German musician Andreas Werckmeister.[3]

Notes

"The smallest interval in an equal-tempered scale is the ratio $r^{n}=p$ , so $r={\sqrt[{n}]{p}}$ , where the ratio r divides the ratio p (= 2/1 in an octave) into n equal parts."[1]

References

Joseph, George Gheverghese (2010). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, p.294-5. Third edition. Princeton. ISBN 9781400836369.
Christensen, Thomas (2002), The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory, p. 205, ISBN 978-0521686983
Goodrich, L. Carrington (2013). A Short History of the Chinese People, ^{[unpaginated]}. Courier. ISBN 9780486169231. Cites: Chu Tsai-yü (1584). New Remarks on the Study of Resonant Tubes.