Type 3 diabetes

Insulin resistance reduces the body's sensitivity to insulin. This is a sign an individual has prediabetes or has progressed to develop type 2 diabetes.[8] The result is high glucose levels in the blood which leave the individual feeling tired and weak in most cases.[8] type 3 diabetes is a condition which can follow after initially being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In type 3 diabetes, the neurons lack glucose, a key element needed for the neurons to function effectively in body however more specifically the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex.[3][10] This deficiency can lead to a decrease in memory, judgement and the ability to reason, of which are key symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.[8]

The consumption of carbohydrates, fatty (unsaturated) acids, small antioxidant consumption and little exercise are diabetic factors that contribute to oxidative stress within the brain.[1] Oxidative stress is an imbalance of free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical which can create damage to the cells and tissue in the body.[11][1] This resulting imbalance leads to a slow decrease in cognition which can be severe in patients in type 2 diabetes.[1]

type 2 diabetes causes change in patient's blood profile which increases the likelihood of the patient's cells to experience damage through lipid peroxidation.[12] Lipid peroxidation involves free radicals taking electrons from lipids in the cell membrane, causing cell destruction.[1] This process has been observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease.[1] One of the main biomarkers of oxidative stress is lipid peroxidation as acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to characteristically associate with free radicals.[12] Therefore lipid peroxidation can cause enhancements in oxidative stress, a main process in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Mediterranean diet foods

Mediterranean diet, a diet based around fruit, vegetables, olive oil, nuts and seafood has been shown to lower the risks of Alzheimer's disease in patients.[7] Specifically, patients who followed this diet which is modeled on particular Mediterranean nations presented decreasing amounts of amyloid-beta plaques between their nerve cells in the brain,[14] signifying the cell connections within the brain were firing correctly. This diet also presented increases in the thickness in the memory division of the brain cortex in the formal and parietal lobes and areas of cognition such as language and memory.[14] Updated versions of the Mediterranean diet such as the DASH diet have been recommended for patients, adding juicing and supplements to the recommendation for patients.[14]

Two persons exercising

Physical exercise increases the amount of blood flow through the brain while simultaneously causing the growth of brain cells known as neurogenesis.[7][15] One hundred and twenty minutes of aerobic exercise and multiple strength sessions a week are suggested to maintain and increase memory function in the patient.[16] Mental stimulation is also recommended for patients.[16] Brain aerobic activities such as reading and puzzles are endorsed to test and stimulate cognitive functioning while creative activities like painting and viewing art also activate the conditioning of the brain [7][14]

Mediation and yoga have been found to reduce stress, which is major element in the cause of Alzheimer's disease.[7] Stress has a negative impact on a patient's genes such as producing inflammation in the brain, a key component of Alzheimer's Disease.[17] Simple twelve minute meditation each day reduces levels of stress in patients and extends the flow of blood to key areas of the brain responsible for memory performance.[7][17] Yoga also stimulates the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus, a key area in the brain which manages memory recall, stress, emotive and cognitive stability.

Psychological well-being factors such as self-acceptance and confidence, personal growth, regular socialization and independence decrease the probability of mental decline and reduce inflammation within the brain.[18] Purpose in Life is now considered to increase the physiological health of patients with Alzheimer's disease.[7] Optimistic emotions such as love, appreciation and kindness are known to lessen the stress response and maintain a healthy cognition throughout the rest of the patient's life [18]

Chemical structure of Melatonin

Melatonin is discharged by the Pineal Gland as a neurohormone.[5] Melatonin is a central hormone in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease as it adjusts sleep patterns that are abnormal, which occurs in over forty five percent of patients.[5][19] Melatonin affects type 3 diabetes by reducing harm caused by beta amyloid, regulating hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes and stopping blood brain barrier disruption caused by hyperglycaemia.[19] Through these processes, melatonin has been shown to lessen the progression of type 3 diabetes.

The administration of the hormone Glucagon-like Peptide 1 has shown to control the deregulation of glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease.[20] This hormone can recover cerebral dysfunction in diabetes induced Alzheimer's disease. The hormone Glucagon-like Peptide 1 can lessen the brain's inflamed reaction caused by amyloid beta oxidative stress.[10][20] Glucagon-like Peptide 1 can also increase the rate of neurogenesis within the brains of Alzheimer's patients.[10] Glucagon-like Peptide 1 has the possibility to increase the production of neurons to substitute impaired neurons within the brain.[10] This hormone can also decrease the brain's insulin resistance in Alzheimer's patients.[20]