Underworld USA Trilogy

The Underworld USA Trilogy is the collective name given to three novels by American crime author James Ellroy: American Tabloid (1995), The Cold Six Thousand (2001), and Blood's a Rover (2009).

This article is about the novels by James Ellroy. For the 1961 film, see Underworld U.S.A.

Overview

The trilogy blends fiction and history to tell a story of political and legal corruption in the United States between 1958 and 1973. American Tabloid covers the years 1958 to 1963, beginning exactly five years before the assassination of John F. Kennedy, with the assassination as the book's dénouement. The Cold Six Thousand begins concurrently with American Tabloid's end. It covers a slightly longer period, culminating in the twin assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. Blood's a Rover spans the years 1968 to 1973, encompassing the Vietnam War, the death of J. Edgar Hoover, the Black Power movement, the Mob's attempt to build casinos in the Dominican Republic, and the Nixon administration. Each novel is written from the viewpoint of three separate characters.

Ellroy has described the central themes of the trilogy:

The essential contention of the Underworld USA trilogy ... is that America was never innocent. Here's the lineage: America was founded on a bedrock of racism, slaughter of the indigenous people, slavery, religious lunacy ... and nations are never innocent. Let alone nations as powerful as our beloved fatherland. What you have in The Cold Six Thousand — which covers the years '63 to '68 — is that last gasp of pre-public-accountability America where the anti-communist mandate justified virtually any action. And it wasn't Kennedy's death that engendered mass skepticism. It was the protracted horror of the Vietnamese war.[1]

Literary devices and innovations

Ellroy has developed a number of literary innovations in his work and these have found their fullest expression in this trilogy.

Triple narrator

This is a type of third person narration that Ellroy first used in The Big Nowhere (1988) and its sequel L.A. Confidential (1990). It was discarded in Ellroy's next book White Jazz (1992), (which used a standard first person narrator or stream of consciousness,) but was reinstated for American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand. It consists of presenting three major protagonists, each with chapters that are identifiably "theirs". Each chapter is written in the third person but excludes any information of which the protagonist would be unaware. For the most part, it distributes the chapters evenly between the three protagonists and will run in a consistent ABCABC sequence.

Ellroy adds further consistencies (until near the end of the third book of the trilogy) in the way he uses this device, such as all three protagonists being male, being police or ex-policemen, each having a female love-interest (frequently shared), and having the interrelation of the three protagonists as a point of interest. The scope of this device was widened in this trilogy by presenting protagonists who "survive" from the first book, to become protagonists in the second. The final three narrators added to the trilogy, all in the third book, are introduced as secondary characters before being "promoted" to narrator status after the death of a previous protagonist character.

Document inserts

Like the "triple narrator", the insertion of documents is a device that Ellroy used previous to this trilogy, notably in L.A. Confidential and White Jazz. It provides an opportunity to present objective information that might not be accessible to the protagonists. This device appears between the "proper" chapters and purports to be a factual transcript of various documents of significance to the story.

This gives the books a semi-"documentary" feel, although the "documents" are entirely fictional.

In L.A. Confidential and White Jazz, the documents were usually newspaper articles, confidential reports and memoranda, and personal letters. In the Trilogy, this has been expanded to include transcripts of telephone conversations and bug and wiretap transcripts.

Protagonists
  • American Tabloid: Pete Bondurant, Kemper Boyd, Ward J. Littell
  • The Cold Six Thousand: Wayne Tedrow, Jr., Ward J. Littell, Pete Bondurant
  • Blood's A Rover: Wayne Tedrow, Jr., Don Crutchfield, Dwight Holly, Scotty Bennett, Joan Rosen Klein (later in the novel, Scotty and Joan become protagonists); also journal entries from Karen Sifakis and Marshall E. Bowen

Historical figures

Although the device of blending fictional characters with historical figures is not original to Ellroy, in the Underworld USA Trilogy he has done this in a way that has rarely been matched elsewhere. The combination is close to fifty-fifty and it is often difficult to determine which is which.

In the Trilogy, the other real life and historical figures who appear include: John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., J. Edgar Hoover, Richard M. Nixon, Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., Jimmy Hoffa, Guy Banister, Howard Hughes, Sam Giancana, Carlos Marcello, Johnny Roselli, Jack Ruby, Chuck Rogers, Peter Lawford, Lyndon B. Johnson, Lee Harvey Oswald, J. D. Tippit, Lee Bowers, Betty McDonald,[2][3][4] Jim Koethe,[5] Jack Zangetty,[6][7] Hank Killiam,[8][9] Joseph Milteer,[10][11] Bayard Rustin, James Earl Ray, Sirhan Sirhan, Sal Mineo, Moe Dalitz, Santo Trafficante, Jr., Bebe Rebozo, E. Howard Hunt, Fred Otash, Sonny Liston, Thomas Reddin, and Joaquín Balaguer.

In most cases, the actions of the historical figures is not that of record, but Ellroy provides deft character essays on each.

References
  1. Birnbaum, Robert (2001). "James Ellroy: Author of L.A. Confidential talks with Robert Birnbaum". Identity Theory.com. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  2. Knuth, Magen. "Nancy Mooney (Betty MacDonald) -- Supposedly Mysterious JFK Assassination-Related Death". Kennedy Assassination Home Page. Archived from the original on 15 February 2002. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  3. "Kennedy Assassination "Mystery Deaths"". Kennedy Assassination Home Page. Archived from the original on 12 October 1997. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  4. NWO (https://www.findagrave.com/user/profile/46583762) (3 July 2008). "Nancy Jane "Betty MacDonald" Reed Mooney (1940-1964)". Find a Grave. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  5. "John F Kennedy Assassination - Deadly Coincidences". Infomaniac's World. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  6. "John F Kennedy Assassination - Deadly Coincidences". Infomaniac's World. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  7. Tim Gratz (20 November 2005). "Jack Zangetty - JFK Assassination Debate - The Education Forum". Forums - The Education Forum. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  8. Myers, Shelby (22 November 2019). "The Pensacola connection to JFK's assassination". fox10tv.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  9. Christy McCranie Bare (https://www.findagrave.com/user/profile/47143181) (30 October 2012). "Thomas Henry "Hank" Killam (1922-1964)". Find a Grave. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  10. McAdams, John. "Joseph Milteer: Miami Prophet, or Quitman Crackpot?". Kennedy Assassination Home Page. Archived from the original on 23 August 2000. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  11. "Predictions of Joseph Milteer". Mary Ferrell Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
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