United States Volunteers

United States Volunteers also known as U.S. Volunteers, U.S. Volunteer Army, or other variations of these, were military volunteers called upon during wartime to assist the United States Army but who were separate from both the Regular Army and the militia. Though volunteer units operated before 1812, starting in 1861 they were often referred to as the Volunteer Army of the United States but not officially so named (codified into law) until 1898. During the 19th century the U.S. Volunteers were the United States government's main way for raising large forces of citizen soldiers needed in wartime to augment the Regular Army and militias. The U.S. Volunteers were the forerunner of the National Army in World War I and the Army of the United States in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

The U.S. Volunteers did not exist in times of peace. Unlike the militia, which, under the United States Constitution, each state recruited, trained, equipped, and maintained locally, with regimental officers appointed and promoted by state governors and not kept in federal service for more than nine months nor sent outside the country, the U.S. Volunteers were enlisted for terms of one to three years, and between 1794 and 1902 fought outside the country.[1]

Regiments and batteries became known as "Volunteers" to distinguish between state and regular army units.

War of 1812

During the War of 1812, the great majority of soldiers who served were volunteers, or members of state militia who were federalized for portions of the war period. There were also volunteer units directly raised by the federal government. U.S. Volunteers were seen as "temporary regulars" because they were not state troops, but rather augmented the regular Army.

American Civil War

The following is an excerpt from GENERAL ORDERS No. 15., WAR DEPARTMENT, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, May 4, 1861 (links added):

The President of the United States having called for a Volunteer Force to aid in the enforcement of the laws and the suppression of insurrection, and to consist of thirty-nine regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry, making a minimum aggregate of (34,506) thirty-four thousand five hundred and six officers and enlisted men, and a maximum aggregate of (42,034) forty two thousand and thirty-four officers and enlisted men, the following plan of organization has been adopted, and is directed to be printed for general information:[2]

The following is an excerpt from GENERAL ORDERS, No 126., WAR DEPARTMENT, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, September 6, 1862:

I The following is the organization of Regiments and Companies of the Volunteer Army of the United States:[3][4]

Each state was given a quota of "volunteer regiments" to be raised for service lasting from three months to three years, with quotas apportioned among the States according to population (see Military leadership in the American Civil War and American Civil War).

War with Spain
Main article: Spanish–American War

GENERAL ORDERS No. 30, HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, ADJUTANT GENERAL' S OFFICE, Washington, April 30, 1898 reads, in part (links added):

I The following acts of Congress and Proclamation by the President are published for the information and government of all concerned:

An Act To provide for temporarily increasing the military establishment of the United States in time of war, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all able-bodied male citizens of the United States, and persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States under and in pursuance of the laws thereof, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, are hereby declared to constitute the national forces, and, with such exceptions and under such conditions as may be prescribed by law, shall be liable to perform military duty in the service of the United States.

SEC. 2. That the organized and active land forces of the United States shall consist of the Army of the United States and of the militia of the several States when called into the service of the United States: Provided, That in time of war: the Army shall consist of two branches which shall be designated, respectively, as the Regular Army and the Volunteer Army of the United States.[5]

The law provided for a presidential call for two-year volunteers, with quotas apportioned among the States according to population, and that militia units volunteering as a body had to be accepted as units into the Volunteer Army.[6]

See also

References
  1. Chambers II, John Whiteclay, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America, New York: The Free Press of Macmillan, 1987.
  2. "General orders. No. 15 - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  3. "General orders. No. 126 - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  4. Guerin, T. M., General Orders affecting the Volunteer Force Adjutant-General's Office 1861, War Dept, United States, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1862
  5. Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office, 30 April 1898. General Orders, No. 30, An Act To provide for temporarily increasing the military establishment...
  6. PLAN FOR SECOND MUSTER; Existing Volunteer Regiments Must Be Filled Up to Their Maximum Strength. WILL REQUIRE 42,000 MEN This Will Leave 33,000 Troops Under the Second Call to be Formed Into New and Distinct Regiments as New York Times, June 1, 1898.
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