University press

Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press are the two oldest and largest university presses in the world. They have scores of branches around the world, especially throughout the British Commonwealth.

In the United States, colonial colleges required printers to publish university catalogs, ceremonial materials, and a limited number of scholarly publications. Following the 17th-century work of Harvard College printer Samuel Green, William Hilliard of Cambridge, Massachusetts, began publishing materials under the name "University Press" in 1802.[4] Modern university presses emerged in the United States in the late 19th century. Cornell University started one in 1869 but had to close it down; Johns Hopkins University Press has been in continuous operation since 1878.[5][lower-alpha 1] The University of Pennsylvania Press (1890), University of Chicago Press (1891), University of California Press (1893), Northwestern University Press (1893), and Columbia University Press (1893) followed.[6]

The biggest growth came after 1945 as higher education expanded rapidly. There was a leveling off after 1970.[7]

In England, Cambridge University Press traces its founding to 1534, when King Henry VIII granted the university a "letters patent", giving it the right to print its own books, and its active publishing program to 1584. Oxford University began publishing books the following year in 1585 and acquired a charter in 1632.[8]

In Scotland Archie Turnbull (1923-2003) served as the long-time director of the Edinburgh University Press, 1952-87. The British university presses had strong expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The Edinburgh University Press became the leading Scottish academic publisher. It was especially famous for publishing major books on the history and literature of Scotland, and by enlisting others in Scotland.[9]

By the time of independence in 1947, India had a well-established system of universities, and several leading ones developed a university press. The main areas of activity include monographs by professors, research papers and theses, and textbooks for undergraduate use. However, the basic problem faced by scholarly publishers in India is the use of multiple languages, which splintered and reduced the base of potential sales.[10]

Oxford University Press opened a South African office in 1915 to distribute its books in the region. The first South African university press was established in 1922 at Witwatersrand University. Several other South African universities established presses during the 20th century and as of 2015 there were four actively publishing.[11] As new universities opened in Africa after 1960, some developed a press based on the European model. In Nigeria for an example, scholarly presses played a central role in shaping and encouraging intellectual efforts and gaining international attention for the product. However the established European presses, especially Oxford University Press, dominated the market, allowing a narrow niche for new local presses such as Ibadan University Press now University Press Plc.[12][13]

In Australia, the University of Melbourne was the first to establish its own press: Melbourne University Press, set up to sell books and stationery in 1922, began publishing academic monographs soon after and is the second-oldest publishing house in Australia.[14] Other Australian universities followed suit in following decades, including the University of Western Australia Press (1935), University of Queensland Press (1948) and Sydney University Press (1962). In the later part of the 20th century some of these presses closed down or were taken over by larger international presses. Some survived and built strong reputations for publishing literature, poetry and serious non-fiction. In the 21st century several Australian universities have revived their presses or established new ones. Their business models and publishing approaches vary considerably.[15] Some publish chiefly for general readers while others publish only scholarly books. Several have experimented with Open Access publishing and/or electronic-only publishing. Some supplement their publishing income by offering distribution services or operating bookshops.[16] In January 2019 Melbourne University Press announced a plan to focus increasingly on scholarly books rather than the commercial successes it had become known for, prompting a public debate about the role of university presses.[17]

In New Zealand, several universities operate scholarly presses. Auckland University Press has been operating since 1966 and Victoria University Press since the 1970s.

In 2020, the Association of University Presses (AUP) has 150 member presses,[18] of which 95 were operated by universities. Growth has been sporadic, with 14 presses established in the 1940s, 11 in the 1950s; and 19 in the 1960s. Since 1970, 16 universities have opened presses and several have closed.[19] Today, the largest university press in the United States is the University of Chicago Press.[20] University presses tend to develop specialized areas of expertise, such as regional studies. For instance, Yale publishes many art books, the Chicago, Duke and Indiana university presses publish many academic journals, the University of Illinois press specializes in labor history, MIT Press publishes linguistics and architecture titles, Northwestern University Press publishes in continental philosophy, poetry, and the performing arts, and the Catholic University of America Press publishes works that deal with Catholic theology, philosophy, and church history.

Financially, university presses have come under growing pressure. Only a few presses, such as Oxford, Harvard, Princeton, and Yale have endowments; the others depend upon sales, fundraising, and subventions (subsidies) from their sponsoring institutions. Subsidies vary but typically range from $150,000 to $500,000.[21] Because the subsidies are often not indexed to inflation, university press operating budgets can face a functional squeeze as inflation chips away at the value of the subsidy. Operating models vary, but host universities generally cover fixed costs like labor and PPE, while looking to the press to cover variable costs from the sale of books and other revenue. Sales of academic books have been declining, however, especially as University libraries cut back their purchases. At Princeton University Press in the 1960s, a typical hardcover monograph would sell 1660 copies in the five years after publication. By 1984 that average had declined to 1003 and in after 2000 typical sales of monographs for all presses are below 500.[22] University libraries are under heavy pressure to purchase very expensive subscriptions to commercial science journals, even as their overall budgets are static. By 1997 scientific journals were thirty times more expensive than they were in 1970.[23]

In May, 2012, the University of Missouri System announced that it would close the University of Missouri Press so that it might focus more efficiently on “strategic priorities.” Friends of the press from around the country rallied to its support, arguing that by publishing over 2000 scholarly books the press made a major contribution to scholarship. A few months later the university reversed its decision.[24]

Peter Berkery, the executive director of the Association of American University Presses (AAUP) states that:

University presses are experiencing new, acute and, in some ways, existential pressures, largely from changes occurring in the academy and the technology juggernaut. Random House can see the technology threat and they can throw some substantial resources at it. The press at a small land-grant university doesn’t have the same ability to respond.[24]

• Library publishing
• List of university presses

• Case, Mary, ed. The Specialized Scholarly Monograph in Crisis, Or, How Can I Get Tenure If You Won’t Publish My Book? (Washington: Association of Research Libraries, 1999)
• Dalton, Margaret Stieg. "A system destabilized: scholarly books today." Journal of Scholarly Publishing (2006) 37#4 pp: 251-269. online
• Davidson, Cathy. "Understanding the Economic Burden of Scholarly Publishing," Chronicle of Higher Education (3 October 2003): B7–B10, online
• Davidson, Cathy. "The Futures of Scholarly Publishing," Journal of Scholarly Publishing (2004) 35#3 pp: 129–42
• Hawes, Gene R. To Advance Knowledge: A Handbook on American University Press Publishing (New York: American University Press Services 1967)
• Kerr, Chester. A Report on American University Presses (Washington: Association of American University Presses, 1949)
• Le Roux, Elizabeth. A Social History of the University Presses in Apartheid South Africa: Between Complicity and Resistance (Leiden: Brill, 2015), ISBN 9789004293472
• Sherman, Scott. " University Presses Under Fire: How the Internet and slashed budgets have endangered one of higher education’s most important institutions," The Nation (May 26, 2014) online
• Thatcher, Sanford G. "From the University Presses--The Hidden Digital Revolution in Scholarly Publishing: POD, SRDP, the" Long Tail," and Open Access." Against the Grain 21.2 (2013): 33. online
• Thatcher, Sanford G. "The 'Value Added' in Editorial Acquisitions." Journal of scholarly publishing 30 (1999): 59-74.