Vai people

The Vai are a Manden ethnic group that live mostly in Liberia, with a small minority living in south-eastern Sierra Leone. The Vai are known for their indigenous syllabic writing system known as Vai syllabary, developed in the 1820s by Momolu Duwalu Bukele and other tribal elders.[2] Over the course of the 19th century, literacy in the writing system became widespread. Its use declined over the 20th century, but modern computer technology may enable a revival.

Vai people
Total population
240,000
Regions with significant populations
 Liberia180,000
 Sierra Leone1,205[1]
Languages
Vai • English • Krio • Gola
Religion
Islam majority • Christianity minority • Traditional minority
Related ethnic groups
Kono, Gola, Kpelle, Mende, Loma, Gbandi

The Vai people speak the Vai language, which is of the Mande languages. The Sierra Leonean Vai are predominantly found in Pujehun District (around the Liberian border). Many Sierra Leonean villages that border Liberia are populated by the Vai. In total only about 1200 Vai live in Sierra Leone.[3]

Group of Vai women and girls, 1907

History

The earliest written documentation of the Vai is by Dutch merchants sometime in the first half of the seventeenth century, denoting a political group near Cape Mount. The Vai likely settled there as part of the Mane invasions from the Mali Empire in the middle of the sixteenth century and, according to Vai oral tradition were led by the brothers Fábule and Kīatámba in conquering the land down to the coast. [4]

Culture and education

In many aspects, the Vai are a unique African ethnicity. Many believe that the region inhabited by the Vai is the original home of the Poro, a male secret society known throughout West Africa. The Vai are also quite musical.[5] They play many instruments and perform dances on special occasions.[6]

The Vai have three types of schooling. The first and most important is the bush school, where the children learn traditional Vai socialization skills, important survival skills, and other traits of village life for four to five years. Second is the English school; some Vai children attend English schools to learn the English language. Finally, there are the Quranic schools, where Vai children are taught the Arabic language under the guidance of the local Muslim religious leader.

Vai script

Religion and spiritual belief

The Vai are predominantly Muslim, and have for centuries practiced traditions rooted in studying the Quran,[7] with a minority being Christian.

These monotheistic religions however coexist with traditional beliefs in the supernatural, and shamanistic practices are common as people consider themselves to be surrounded by spirits that can change into living creatures or objects. These spirits are believed to have the power to do evil to individuals or to the whole tribe. The Vai perform ceremonies for the dead in which they leave articles of clothing and food near the graves of the deceased.

Economy

Most Vai make their living by farming the fertile land. Rice is their staple crop and can be cultivated with other vegetables on upland plots of cleared land. In addition to rice, crops such as cotton, corn, pumpkins, bananas, ginger, coffee, and cocoa are raised. The Vai also gather various nuts and berries from the forests. The palm tree is an important commodity to the Vai. Nuts, butter, wine, fuel, soap, and baskets are among its many derivatives.

Notable Vai people

See also

References
  1. "Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report" (PDF). Statistics Sierra Leone. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  2. Lenore A. Grenoble; Lindsay J. Whaley (2006). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-0-521-01652-0. Scribner and Cole conducted fieldwork with the Vai people of Liberia in the 1970s.3 The Vai had developed their own syllabary in the 1820s or 1830s
  3. Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census national analytical report. Statistics Sierra Leone, October 2017, p89–99.
  4. Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm (1854). Outlines of a grammar of the Vei language, together with a Vei-English vocabulary. And an account of the discovery and nature of the Vei mode of syllabic writing. London Church Missionary House.
  5. Monts, Lester P. (recordist), Monts, Jeanne (recordist) (1982). Music of the Vai of Liberia (LP). New York, NY: Folkways Records.
  6. Monts, Lester P. (1988). An Annotated Glossary of Vai Musical Language. Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France. Peeters Publishers. p. 144. ISBN 978-2877230131.
  7. Sylvia Scribner; Ethel Tobach (1997). Mind and Social Practice: Selected Writings of Sylvia Scribner. Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-521-46767-4.
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