Willow Creek Dam (Oregon)

Willow Creek Dam is a dam in Morrow County of the U.S. state of Oregon, located just east of Heppner's city limits. It was the first major dam in the United States constructed of roller-compacted concrete.[2]

For other places with the same name, see Willow Creek.
Willow Creek Dam
Willow Creek Dam and Willow Creek Lake
LocationMorrow County, Oregon, U.S.
Coordinates45.34695°N 119.54463°W / 45.34695; -119.54463
Construction began1979
Opening date1983
Construction cost$37,231,332 (as of June 18, 1997)[1]
Operator(s)U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Dam and spillways
ImpoundsWillow Creek
Height160 feet (49 m)
Reservoir
CreatesWillow Creek Lake
Total capacitygross 13,250 acre feet (16,340,000 m3)
usable 9,765 acre feet (12,045,000 m3)
Catchment area96 square miles (250 km2)
Surface area126 acres (51 ha) max
95 acres (38 ha) min[1]

The dam's drainage basin is 96 square miles (250 km2)[3] of arid rolling hills in the lower basin but with headwaters in the northern Umatilla National Forest. The dam's original purpose was primarily to store water for flood control, but also to serve recreation, fish and wildlife, and irrigation uses.[3] The dam impounds Willow Creek to create Willow Creek Lake.

The lake level can be a maximum of 2,113.5 feet (644.2 m) elevation and a minimum of 2,063.0 feet (628.8 m) for a total usable storage capacity of 9,765 acre feet (12,045,000 m3).[3]

History

A major flood killed approximately one quarter of Heppner's population in June 1903—about 250 people. The flooding creek flow was 36,000 cubic feet per second (1,000 m3/s) as a result of a flash flood caused by thunderstorms, known as the Heppner Flood of 1903.[4]

A flood control study was completed in 1962 at a total cost of $219.[5] In 1965, a flood control project was authorized by U.S. Congress.[6]

In 1979, the purpose of a dam project was changed to defer irrigation development for the future and eliminate water supply and water quality control.[1]

Construction feasibility tests in 1972 placed a few layers of roller-compacted concrete.[7] A 1:36 model (one inch equals three feet) was built and studied to determine downstream flooding and pool siltation characteristics as affected by the dam's spillway.[8]

Heppner, in the foreground, is protected by Willow Creek Dam from arid basin drainage subject to thunderstorms

The dam was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers between November 1981[1] and February 1983.[2][9][10] Construction completed nearly on schedule, despite the workers initially being unfamiliar with the materials, processing, and techniques. It came in less than its budget of $50 million at $35 million. The dam's construction validated economic and construction speed benefits where 330,000 cubic meters (430,000 cu yd) of concrete were finished in less than five months at about $17 per cubic meter ($13/yd3), which includes additional efforts to correct defects.

However, as soon as the lake began filling, significant leakage was evident through the seams of the layers of concrete. The lake was drained and a $2 million remedial effort included injecting grout through bores drilled from top to bottom. The initial rate of leakage was 33 cubic meters per second (1,200 cu ft/s). After remediation, the leakage was less than 11 cubic meters per second (390 cu ft/s). Concern over the dam's safety has continued, especially with the memory of the 1903 flash flood.

Within a few years of construction, problems were noted with stratification of the water and anoxic decomposition producing hydrogen sulfide. Concerns were expressed that this could in turn give rise to sulfuric acid leading to concrete damage. Controversy continued for some years and the handling of the problem itself was criticized. In 2004, an aeration plant was installed to address the root cause, as had been called for 18 years earlier.[9] Subsequent controversy surrounded the politics of a small town being used as an experiment for new construction technology.[11] SolarBee devices to circulate the water were installed in 2009.[12]

The dam won an American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) award in 1985.[13]

See also
  • List of lakes in Oregon

References
  1. US Army Corps of Engineers (June 18, 1997). "Willow Creek Lake". Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  2. Stephen H. Daniels (August 19, 2002). "Two Jobs Not for the Faint of Heart: "Changing site conditions" on South American dams take on a new meaning". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  3. Columbia Basin Water Management Division. "Willow Creek Dam and Lake". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  4. willow Creek Disaster Documentary.
  5. http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/dpn/dpn_project.asp?project_id=305
  6. 89-298 Flood Control Act of 1965, Section 204, Columbia River Basin http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/dpn/publaw.htm
  7. Paul Klieger; Joseph F. Lamond (January 1, 1994). Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials (STP, 169c). ASTM Special Technical Publications. ASTM International. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-8031-2053-2.
  8. J. L. Lencioni (April 1983). "Willow Creek Dam Spillway and Stilling Basin at Heppner, Oregon. Hydraulic Model Investigation". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
  9. Douglas Larson (January–February 2008). "Reliably Safe". American Scientist. 96 (1): 6. doi:10.1511/2008.69.6. Retrieved 2009-08-30. (start date conflicts with USACE source)
  10. US Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Assistance Team (October 21, 2003). "Roller Compacted Concrete" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-08-30. (secure connection certificate invalid)
  11. Douglas Larson (January–February 2008). "Reliably Safe". American Scientist. 96 (1): 6. doi:10.1511/2008.69.6. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  12. http://www.solarbee.com/news/Prairie_Business_Magazine_20080908.pdf
  13. http://content.asce.org/handa/PastOCEAWinners.html
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