Wissahickon Formation
The Wissahickon Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. It is named for the Wissahickon gorge in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia.
| Wissahickon Formation Stratigraphic range: Ediacaran to Early Cambrian (Depositional) | |
|---|---|
 A hand sample of the type Wissahickon from the banks of the Wissahickon Creek | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units | Mt. Cuba, Doe Run schist, Laurels schist, Greystone schist |
| Underlies | Hardyston Quartzite |
| Overlies | Chestnut Hill Formation |
| Thickness | unknown |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Schist |
| Other | Gneiss and quartzite |
| Location | |
| Region | Piedmont of eastern North America |
| Country |  United States |
| Extent | Southeastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, Northeastern Maryland |
| Type section | |
| Named for | The Wissahickon Creek |
In Maryland formations, the term "Wissahickon" is no longer used. Rocks in this classification have since been divided into several units, such as Lower Pelitic Schist and Prettyboy Schist.[1]
Description
The Wissahickon is described as a pelitic schist and gneiss with interlayers of quartzite. Color is highly variable as is the mineralogy.[2] A general description for the unit is a silver to brown garnet mica-schist.
Metamorphic grade
The highly variable nature of this rock type is also why the metamorphic grade is also complex. The existence of the minerals biotite, garnet, staurolite, and kyanite all imply a low-intermediate to high metamorphic grade. The metamorphic facies, which is described as lower to upper amphibolite facies, implies a moderate to high metamorphic temperature and a moderate pressure.
Age
Depositional age
The age indicated on the most recent geologic map of southeast Pennsylvania shows the Wissahickon being Ediacaran to Cambrian in age. This age is a relative date since the sediments that created the Wissahickon are highly deformed and went through several deformation events.
Deformation age
The sediments of the Wissahickon were altered during the Taconic orogeny and most dates do not place the deformation older than the Silurian. Although there is some evidence of Devonian-aged deformation.[3]
Divisions
The current map sought to divide the Wissahickon into three informal units. The type described here has been the restricted Wissahickon, or its easternmost section that exists in the City of Philadelphia and eastern Delaware County. The Glenarm Wissahickon and Mt. Cuba Wissahickon are two units described in western Delaware and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania. The metamorphic and depositional histories of these two series are different from the Wissahickon type described here.[2]
Economic uses
Wissahickon schist is quarried as a building stone and is used primarily as a decorative stone rather than a weight bearing stone. However, there are numerous old buildings in the Philadelphia area that are constructed almost entirely of this rock.
References
- Geologic Maps of Maryland: Eastern Piedmont Metasedimentary Rocks
- Blackmer, G.C., (2005). Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of a Portion of the Wilmington 30- by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Open-File Report OFBM-05-01.0.
- Bosbyshell, H., (2001). Thermal evolution of a convergent orogen: Pressure-Temperature-Deformation-Time paths in the central Appalachian Piedmont of Pennsylvania and Delaware:[Ph.D. thesis]: Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 233 p.