Yixing clay teapot

Yixing clay teapots (simplified Chinese: 宜兴; traditional Chinese: 宜興; pinyin: Yíxīng; Wade–Giles: I-Hsing), also called Purple Sand (Chinese: 紫砂; pinyin: zǐshā; Wade–Giles: tsu sha), are made from Yixing clay. This traditional style commonly used to brew tea originated in China, dating back to the 15th century, and are made from clay produced near Yixing in the eastern Chinese province of Jiangsu.

Yixing ware with a "Man Sheng" mark, circa 1900 (Shanghai Museum)
A Chinese Yixing Zisha teapot

History

Archaeological excavations reveal that as early as the Song dynasty (10th century) potters near Yixing were using local "zisha" (紫砂 or 紫泥 ; literally, "purple sand/clay") to make utensils that may have functioned as teapots. According to the Ming dynasty author Zhou Gaoqi, during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor, a monk from Jinsha Temple (Golden Sand Temple) in Yixing handcrafted a fine quality teapot from local clay. Such teapots soon became popular with the scholarly class, and the fame of Yixing teapots began to spread.

20th century

Yíxīng teapots are actually made in nearby Dīngshān, also known as Dingshu,[1] on the west side of Lake Tai.[2] Hundreds of teapot shops line the edges of the town's crowded streets and it is a popular tourist destination for many Chinese. While Dīngshān is home to dozens of ceramics factories, Yíxīng Zǐshā Factory Number 1, which opened in 1958, processes a large part of the clay used in the region, produces fine pottery ware, and has a large commercial showroom. In addition to the better known teapots, tea pets, oil and grain jars, flower vases, figurines, glazed tiles, tables, ornamental rocks, and even ornamental waste bins are all manufactured in the community.

Use with tea
Five Yixing clay teapots, in styles from formal to whimsical.

Yixing teapots are intended for puer, black, and oolong teas. They can also be used for green or white teas, however, the heat retention characteristics of Yixing makes the brewing process extremely difficult; and in such cases, the water must be heated to no greater than 85 °C (185 °F), before pouring into the teapot. A famous characteristic of Yixing teapots are their ability to absorb trace amounts of brewed tea flavors and minerals into the teapot with each brewing. Over time, these accumulate to give each Yixing teapot its own unique interior coating that flavors and colors future brewings. It is for this reason that soap is not recommended for cleaning Yixing teapots, but instead, fresh distilled water and air drying. Many tea connoisseurs will steep only one type of tea in a particular Yixing teapot, so that future brewings of the same type of tea will be optimally enhanced. In contrast, brewing many different types of tea in a Yixing pot is likely to create a coating of mishmashed flavors that muddy the taste of future brewings.

Yixing teapots are smaller than their western counterparts as the tea is often brewed using the gongfu style of brewing: shorter steeping durations with smaller amounts of water and smaller teacups (compared to western-style brewing). Traditionally, the tea from the teapot is poured into either a small pitcher, from which it is then poured into a teacup that holds approximately 30 ml or less of liquid, allowing the tea to be quickly and repeatedly ingested before it becomes cooled, or into several teacups for guests.

Price and Types

Prices can vary from a couple dozen to thousands of yuan.[3] A pot was auctioned in 2010 for 12.32 million yuan.[4] Generally, the price of Yixing teapots are dependent on such factors such as age, clay, artist, style and production methods. The more expensive pots are shaped by hand using wooden and bamboo tools to manipulate the clay into form, while cheaper Yixing pots are produced by slipcasting.

The most important part of the teapot is its clay. The TianQing clay is the most expensive and sought-after of all types. However, TianQing clay is extremely rare and vanished since late Qing dynasty. Only very recently Yixing teapots of TianQing clay were reportedly found in the US. [5] All the masterpieces should be expensive and precious. [6]

yixing-teapot.org categorizes Yixing clay teapot into six types: Type 1 are "Chemical Teapots" which are made of clay with added chemicals. These kinds of teapots often have bright color. Type 2 are "None-Zisha Teapots" which are not made of real Yixing clay (Zisha). These kind of teapots can be used but won't produce "Zisha Appeal". Type 3 are "Old Commodity Zisha Teapots" which are made of real Yixing clay, but may not have high craftsmanship. Type 4 are "Fine Art Work". Type 5 are "Masterpieces" and Type 6 are "Peerless Treasures". It is recommended that consumers and collectors start with Type 3. [7] These kind of categorization can be very useful for collectors and enthusiasts.

References
  1. Introducing Dīngshān from Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  2. Introducing Lake Tai from Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
  3. "Antique Yixing Teapots". MingWrecks.com. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  4. 北京紫砂壶拍卖创出1232万世界纪录(图)_新闻中心_新浪网 (in Chinese). Sina Corp. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  5. Qing Yixing Zisha Teapot of TianQing Clay Found in US 清代天青泥紫砂壶首次被发现. yixing-teapot.org. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  6. "Yixing Zisha Masterpieces in History". []. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  7. "Introduction to Yixing Zisha Clay Teapots". []. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

Further reading
  • K.S. Lo, et al., The Stonewares of Yixing: from the Ming period to the Present Day, (London: 1986, ISBN 0856671819).
  • Wain, Peter, "A Taste of Transition: The Teapots of Yixing", Ceramic Review, 153, May/June 1995, pp. 42–45p
  • Pan Chunfang, Yixing Pottery: the World of Chinese Tea Culture, (San Francisco, Long River Press: 2004, ISBN 159265018X).
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