1994 Mexican general election

General elections were held in Mexico on 21 August 1994.[1] The presidential elections resulted in a victory for Ernesto Zedillo of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), whilst the PRI won 300 of the 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 95 of the 128 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout ranged from 77.4% in the proportional representation section of the Chamber elections to 75.9% in the constituency section.

1994 Mexican general election

21 August 1994
Presidential election
 
Nominee Ernesto Zedillo Diego Fernández de Cevallos Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
Party PRI PAN PRD
Home state Mexico City Mexico City Michoacán
States carried 31 + D.F. - -
Popular vote 17,181,651 9,146,841 5,852,134
Percentage 50.1% 26.7% 17.1%

States won by Ernesto Zedillo are colored green

President before election

Carlos Salinas de Gortari
PRI

Elected President

Ernesto Zedillo
PRI

Congressional election

Party Leader % Seats ±
Senate
PRI 50.2% 95 +35
PAN 25.7% 25 +25
PRD 16.8% 8 New
Chamber of Deputies
PRI Ignacio Pichardo Pagaza 50.3% 300 -20
PAN Carlos Castillo Peraza 25.8% 119 +30
PRD Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 16.7% 71 +30
PT Alberto Anaya 2.7% 10 +10
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

These were the first presidential elections in Mexico that were monitored by international observers. To date, the 1994 elections mark the last time a presidential candidate won in all 31 states and Mexico City. Although tension did not reach the level it did around the 1988 election, most political analysts agree that voters (in the aftermath of the Zapatista uprising that began in January and the assassination of the original PRI candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio), opted for continuity by allowing the PRI to remain in power, fearing that the country might otherwise be destabilized.

Background

The 1994 election took place in an atmosphere of political instability after the rise of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) on 1 January that year. The insurgency was a serious hit on the image that the Government wanted to portray of a developed, advanced country, and it highlighted the negative effects of the neoliberal reforms enacted by the Salinas administration.

In the past six years, the right-wing opposition Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) had won many state elections, and was seen as a serious contender for the presidency in 1994. On the other hand, the left-wing Partido de la Revolucion Democratica (PRD), while building a wide social base, had failed to win any state governorship, which its leaders blamed on repression and electoral fraud by the PRI-controlled federal government.

Campaign

Nominations

Outgoing President Carlos Salinas de Gortari chose his Secretary of Social Development, Luis Donaldo Colosio, to be the PRI presidential candidate. Salinas' choice sparked a brief internal conflict in the government, as Manuel Camacho Solís, who was then Mayor of Mexico City, had expected himself to be the PRI candidate, and quit his position in protest. President Salinas immediately appointed Camacho as Minister of Foreign Relations to hide the conflict, and tried to appease him. In the aftermath of the Zapatista uprising, Camacho was designated Peace Commissioner in Chiapas.

The PAN chose Diego Fernández de Cevallos as their candidate through an internal convention.

Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas ran for the presidency once again, this time as the candidate of the PRD, the party he founded in 1989.

Six other parties presented their own candidates.

Early campaign

In the initial months of the campaign, PRI candidate Colosio expressed dissatisfaction with his campaign management, as polls indicated his popular support was far lower than earlier PRI candidates. Colosio's campaign lacked funding and had problems getting media coverage in the wake of the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas. Due to this poor performance, the PRI leadership considered replacing Colosio as the presidential candidate. At the same time, Camacho's own popularity was rising due to his role as mediator in the Zapatista conflict, and it was rumoured that he might replace Colosio as the presidential candidate. At one point, President Salinas had to state to the media "Don't get confused, Colosio is the candidate".

Due to his campaign's underperformance, Colosio tried to distance himself from the outgoing President. On 6 March 1994, the anniversary of the PRI's founding, Colosio broke with Salinas in a controversial-but-popular speech in front of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City. In his speech, Colosio spoke against government abuse, and in support of indigenous peoples and the people's independence from government. The speech was controversial, as it echoed many of the beliefs of the ZANL platform.[2]

On 22 March, Camacho himself stated that he was not interested in being the PRI candidate, instead focusing on the Chiapas conflict. The day after Camacho's statement, Colosio was killed.

Assassination of Colosio

At 5:05 PM PST on 23 March, at a campaign rally in Lomas Taurinas, a poor neighborhood of Tijuana, Colosio was shot in the head with a .38 Special by Mario Aburto Martínez at a distance of a few centimeters. Colosio collapsed and was rushed to the city's main hospital after plans to fly him to an American hospital were cancelled. His death was announced a few hours later amid inconsistent eyewitness reports. The assassination of Colosio was the first magnicide to occur in Mexico since the murder of Álvaro Obregón in 1928.

The assassination had a profound impact on the Mexican public opinion, already tumultuous by the conflict in Chiapas.

A number of conspiracy theories about the assassination persist, including that it was orchestrated by drug traffickers.[3] However, the most accepted theory among the Mexican people is that he was betrayed by his own party and that the murder was orchestrated by high members of PRI, including President Salinas, as Colosio had begun to reject Salinas's political agenda.

The assassin, Mario Aburto Martínez

The shooter, Mario Aburto Martínez, was arrested at the site and never wavered from his story that he had acted alone. Nonetheless, many theories still surround the assassination. The authorities were criticized for their poor handling of Aburto, having shaved, bathed and given him a prison haircut before showing him to the media, which started rumors about whether a man who looked so different from the one arrested was really the murderer. Colosio received three bullet wounds, and it was never clear if they could have been done by a single person or not. The case was officially closed after many different prosecutors investigated it, but after the many mishandlings of the investigation and contradictory versions, the controversy continues. Aburto remains imprisoned at the high-security La Palma facility in Almoloya de Juárez.

Selection of the new PRI candidate

President Salinas declared three days of national mourning after Colosio's death, while all the opposition candidates lamented the assassination and called for an end to political violence.

In the aftermath, many PRI members sought to replace the dead candidate. In the end, President Salinas chose Ernesto Zedillo, who had been Colosio's campaign manager, as the new PRI presidential candidate. Zedillo had been Secretary of Education, a relatively unimportant ministry; he had resigned to run the campaign of Colosio. Zedillo had never held elective office, sharing that trait with De la Madrid and Salinas, but Zedillo was not otherwise experienced politically. He was perceived as a weak candidate. There were speculation that Salinas wished to perpetuate his power as Plutarco Elías Calles had in the wake of the 1928 assassination of president-elect Alvaro Obregón, controlling successor presidents.[4]

Televised debates

For the first time in Mexican history, the 1994 campaign featured televised debates between the Presidential candidates. On 12 May, the three main contenders Zedillo, Fernández de Cevallos and Cárdenas participated in the first Presidential debate in Mexican history. An estimated audience of 34 million watched the debate. Polls after the debate indicated that the PAN candidate, Diego Fernández de Cevallos, had defeated the other two candidates, and had become capable of defeating the PRI candidate in the elections.[5] However, in the aftermath of the debate Fernández de Cevallos seemed to decrease his media presence, and Zedillo continued in the first place at the polls; on the other hand, the polls also indicated that Zedillo might win with less than 50% of the popular vote, something unprecedented for a PRI candidate (notwithstanding previous controversial elections in which the PRI was accused of fraud).

After the 12 May debate between the main three contenders, there was also a debate between the Presidential candidates of smaller parties.

Opinion polls

Poll source Date PRI PAN PRD Others Undecided Sample Ref.
GEO/ETC 24 January 1994 49% 8% 13% 2% 28% 1,100 [6]
GEO/ETC 20 March 1994 49% 10% 12% 5% 24% 1,100
23 March - Assassination of Luis Donaldo Colosio
GEO/ETC 10 April 1994 46% 10% 12% 7% 26% 1,100
12 May - First presidential debate in Mexican history
V. Voto 17 May 1994 48% 26% 9% 4% 13% 1,500
GEO/ETC 22 May 1994 39% 26% 12% 6% 18% 1,100
Reforma 6 June 1994 41% 29% 9% 3% 18% 2,200
V. Voto 18 June 1994 41% 21% 8% 2% 28% 1,500
CNA/EPI 19 June 1994 52% 29% 8% 3% 8% 1,500
GEO/ETC 19 June 1994 44% 24% 11% 8% 13% 1,100
CNIRT 7 July 1994 43% 22% 10% 4% 21% 2,500
GEO/ETC 19 July 1994 47% 17% 11% 8% 17% 1,100
V. Voto 28 July 1994 47% 17% 8% 3% 25% 1,500
Reforma 29 July 1994 47% 17% 9% 2% 25% 2,000
El País 1 August 1994 40% 21% 11% 6% 22% 1,500
Belden 3 August 1994 46% 19% 9% 8% 18% 1,500
CNIRT 7 August 1994 44% 19% 11% 4% 22% 2,500
GEO/ETC 7 August 1994 42% 24% 11% 5% 19% 1,100

Results

President

Candidate Party Votes %
Ernesto Zedillo Institutional Revolutionary Party 17,181,651 50.13
Diego Fernández de Cevallos National Action Party 9,146,841 26.69
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano Party of the Democratic Revolution 5,852,134 17.07
Cecilia Soto González Labor Party 970,121 2.83
Jorge González Torres Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 327,313 0.95
Rafael Aguilar Talamantes Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction 297,901 0.87
Álvaro Pérez Treviño Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 192,795 0.56
Marcela Lombardo Otero Popular Socialist Party 166,594 0.49
Pablo Emilio Madero Mexican Democratic Party 97,935 0.29
Write in 43,715 0.13
Invalid/blank votes1,008,291
Total35,285,291100
Registered voters/turnout45,729,05377.2
Source: Instituto Federal Electoral

By state

Based on the official results of the Federal Electoral Institute.

State Zedillo Cevallos Cárdenas Soto González Aguilar Pérez Lombardo Madero Write-in None
Aguascalientes157,736124,48429,2366,5183,7946,6101,3201,2711,0481367,463
Baja California402,332297,56568,66915,9537,8533,3992,0443,0881,3101,88218,393
Baja California Sur80,09746,9079,4633,905786564386324242352,580
Campeche123,22541,91047,6402,9357201,1393,2411,0513844336,328
Chiapas493,135126,266347,98119,3814,27417,4047,2556,1831,3483,49563,987
Chihuahua660,874308,59068,25139,9015,1023,6152,7023,3001,42464028,751
Coahuila359,168226,62197,12117,9543,15714,7605,0882,35581642015,582
Colima102,90360,33824,1572,8821,3163,4484246271,2475485,354
Distrito Federal1,873,0591,172,438902,199185,90391,83937,37015,40219,08412,2467,15798,706
Durango266,837141,81849,79343,3512,4662,7121,9502,18154560213,833
Guanajuato945,088513,865149,26832,76310,90613,83810,0316,69114,6852,87357,808
Guerrero385,59074,198266,8189,1682,95113,4857,0374,3002,6341,05725,973
Hidalgo450,800134,171115,69314,9884,9928,6687,2533,4421,10779429,754
Jalisco1,050,8151,008,234166,22647,85420,02317,46411,5669,52811,2893,18159,081
México2,143,1221,179,422835,135150,18682,17145,38522,07526,05314,1934,481114,214
Michoacán612,040212,921493,23617,7297,6068,5428,5844,2936,1601,13036,124
Morelos282,821128,942109,56014,3996,5095,8453,2492,0731,3051,07514,063
Nayarit179,41159,92550,7178,8621,2431,7581,6612,3943107759,031
Nuevo León723,629596,82044,41389,3875,8602,9172,8742,4092,1442,19331,091
Oaxaca509,776131,225276,75817,2215,0449,66512,80310,8161,44589144,163
Puebla787,493399,942216,20037,14113,26311,75010,8509,4932,8851,19661,865
Querétaro275,788149,54026,96911,0772,9373,1221,5722,1271,55423114,419
Quintana Roo112,54662,00626,3012,6651,3041,5509021,026174805,522
San Luis Potosí440,601196,35173,52319,7054,5462,9803,7012,5373,19299626,783
Sinaloa474,882285,207129,02512,0593,9822,9734,3834,09858083520,680
Sonora361,835330,272111,97833,1182,7782,6981,6461,7419611,06617,745
Tabasco335,85144,763196,1005,8321,5833,1581,6451,56339929322,427
Tamaulipas481,595275,989192,90023,9165,1555,30720,5023,3011,6041,35730,058
Tlaxcala186,12684,58254,0297,7992,8622,1201,8192,1381,8871149,681
Veracruz1,360,540419,109612,35450,49216,34240,82516,12723,5087,8103,11593,331
Yucatán251,699195,98615,0093,5832,1021,1277998673308410,429
Zacatecas310,237116,43445,41221,4941,8471,7031,9042,73267755013,072
Total17,181,6519,146,8415,852,134970,121327,313297,901192,795166,59497,93543,7151,008,291

Senate

Party Votes % Seats +/–
Institutional Revolutionary Party17,195,53650.295+34
National Action Party8,805,03825.725+24
Party of the Democratic Revolution5,579,94916.88+6
Labor Party977,0722.900
Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction400,0191.200
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico438,9411.300
Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution269,7350.800
Popular Socialist Party215,6730.600
Mexican Democratic Party120,4190.400
Independents42,2510.10
Invalid/blank votes1,078,198
Total35,302,831100128+64
Registered voters/turnout45,729,05377.2
Source: Nohlen

Chamber of Deputies

Party Constituency PR Seats +/–
Votes % Votes %
Institutional Revolutionary Party16,851,08250.217,236,83650.3300–20
National Action Party8,664,83425.88,833,46825.8119+30
Party of the Democratic Revolution5,590,39116.75,728,73316.771+30
Labor Party896,4262.7909,2512.710+10
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico470,9511.4479,5941.400
Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction379,9601.1390,4021.10–23
Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution285,5260.9290,4890.90–15
Popular Socialist Party231,1620.7239,3710.70–12
Mexican Democratic Party148,2790.4151,1000.400
Independents47,7490.121,0590.10
Invalid/blank votes1,121,0061,126,381
Total34,686,91610035,406,6841005000
Registered voters/turnout45,729,05375.945,729,05377.4
Source: Nohlen

See also

References

  1. Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p453 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
  2. Discurso de Luis Donaldo Colosio, durante el acto conmemorativo del LXV Aniversario del PRI en el Monumento a la Revolución. Marzo 6, 1994
  3. Patenostro, Silvana. "Mexico as a Narco-democracy." World Policy Journal 12.1 (1995): 41-47.
  4. Thomas Legler, "Ernesto Zedillo" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1641
  5. Heverg. "Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Ernesto Zedillo y Diego Fernández de Cevallos, protagonizaron el primer debate entre candidatos presidenciales en México hace 20 años". Plumas Atómicas. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  6. Kuschik, Murilo (April 2002). México: elecciones y el uso de las encuestas preelectorales. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. p. 116. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
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