1999 FIFA Women's World Cup

The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was the third edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the world championship for women's national association football teams. It was hosted as well as won by the United States and took place from 19 June to 10 July 1999 at eight venues across the country. The tournament was the most successful FIFA Women's World Cup in terms of attendance, television ratings, and public interest.

1999 FIFA Women's World Cup
FIFA Women's World Cup USA '99
Tournament logo
Tournament details
Host countryUnited States
Dates19 June – 10 July
Teams16
Venue(s)8 (in 8 host cities)
Final positions
Champions United States (2nd title)
Runners-up China PR
Third place Brazil
Fourth place Norway
Tournament statistics
Matches played32
Goals scored123 (3.84 per match)
Attendance1,194,215 (37,319 per match)
Top scorer(s) Sissi
Sun Wen
(7 goals each)
Best player(s) Sun Wen
Fair play award China PR

The 1999 edition was the first to field sixteen teams, an increase from the twelve in 1995, and featured an all-female roster of referees and match officials. It was played primarily in large American football venues due to expected demand following the successful 1996 Olympics women's tournament. The average attendance was 37,319 spectators per match and the total attendance was 1.194 million, a record that stood until 2015. The tournament earned a profit of $4 million on its $30 million operating budget.

The final, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, was attended by 90,185 people, setting an international record for spectators at a women's sporting event. The United States won the tournament by defeating China in a penalty shootout after a scoreless draw. The 5–4 shootout ended with Brandi Chastain scoring the winning penalty with her team's fifth kick, following an earlier miss by China's Liu Ying. Chinese forward Sun Wen and Brazilian midfielder Sissi were the joint top goalscorers of the tournament, with seven goals each.

The tournament was considered a "watershed moment" for women's soccer in the U.S. that increased interest and participation in women's soccer. A new professional league, the Women's United Soccer Association, was established following the tournament, and played three seasons before folding because of financial difficulties. The United States also hosted the next World Cup in 2003, which was played in smaller venues and ended with the host team finishing in third place.

Background

The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was the third edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the international women's championship created by FIFA following several precursor tournaments that were organized to test its feasibility. International women's football had gained popularity in the 1970s, following the easing of gender sanctions by national football associations, and competitions were organized between national teams, including the Mundialito and Women's World Invitational Tournament.[1] A FIFA-organized women's tournament was hosted by China in 1988 and was followed by the announcement of the first FIFA Women's World Cup, to be hosted by China in 1991.[2] The tournament, which had several modified rules and was officially known as the 1st FIFA World Championship for Women's Football for the M&M's Cup until retroactively given the World Cup moniker,[3] was considered a success by FIFA and was followed up by the second World Cup in Sweden four years later with greater media attention but played in front of smaller crowds averaging under 4,500.[4][5]

Host selection

The United States Soccer Federation announced their intention to bid for the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup in February 1995, shortly after hosting the successful 1994 men's World Cup.[6][7] Australia and Chile both announced their intention to bid but withdrew from the process in December 1995.[8] This left the United States as the sole applicant by the March 1996 deadline for bids.[9] The FIFA Executive Committee officially awarded hosting rights to the United States on 31 May 1996, the same day that the 2002 men's World Cup was jointly awarded to Japan and South Korea.[10]

Venues

With the exception of the semi-finals, the tournament's 32 matches were organized into 15 doubleheaders, consisting of two matches played back-to-back in the same stadium.[11] The semi-finals were played in separate venues, but organized as doubleheaders hosted by the San Jose Clash and New England Revolution of Major League Soccer.[12][13] Eight venues were used for the tournament: three on the East Coast, four on the West Coast, and one in Chicago.[14] Most of the stadiums were American football venues with higher capacities than many of the stadiums used in the first two tournaments. At FIFA's request, the tournament's organizers had originally planned to use five smaller college football venues on the East Coast located in a single time zone. The final match would be staged at RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C.[10][15] Following the success of the inaugural women's soccer tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics, which had high attendances and culminated in 76,489 watching the gold medal match,[16] the organizing committee chose to use larger stadiums instead and received 15 bids in 1997.[4][17][18]

The eight venues and host cities were announced on 19 November 1997, including five large American football venues that were used in the 1994 men's World Cup.[14] The tournament final was awarded to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, which reprised its role from the 1984 Summer Olympics gold medal match and the 1994 men's final. The opening match would be played at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, near New York City.[11] The tournament's organizing committee estimated that the 1999 World Cup would average an attendance of 25,000 per match, with U.S. matches and later knockout ties at near sellouts in the larger venues.[14] Jack Kent Cooke Stadium in Landover, Maryland, serving the Washington, D.C. market, had a limited capacity of 41,000 seats because of ongoing construction during the group stage. It was later raised to 55,000 for the quarter-finals.[19]

Two smaller venues, Civic Stadium in Portland, Oregon, and Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California, were chosen to each host several group stage matches and one quarter-final doubleheader.[11] For the tournament, Civic Stadium was outfitted with a temporary grass field that was laid over its artificial turf surface, which debuted during a warm-up friendly on 6 June.[20] Other venues underwent small modifications to host the tournament's matches, including converting American football locker rooms to accommodate more teams and changing the dimensions of the playing field.[13]

Ticket pre-sales at discounted prices began in October 1997 and over 300,000 were sold by April 1999.[21] By early June, ticket sales had reached 500,000—setting a new record for a women's sporting event by surpassing the NCAA women's basketball tournament.[22] The opening weekend's eight matches were organized into four doubleheaders that attracted a total of 134,236 spectators, surpassing the total attendance for the 1995 World Cup; the United States–Denmark match drew a crowd of 78,972 at Giants Stadium in New Jersey, setting a new U.S. record for attendance at a women's sporting event.[23] That figure was later surpassed by the final, played between the United States and China at the Rose Bowl in front of a crowd of 90,185 spectators—a world record for women's sports.[24]

Los Angeles
(Pasadena, California)		 San Francisco
(Stanford, California)		 Washington, D.C.
(Landover, Maryland)		 New York/New Jersey
(East Rutherford, New Jersey)
Rose Bowl Stanford Stadium Jack Kent Cooke Stadium Giants Stadium
Capacity: 95,542 Capacity: 85,429 Capacity: 80,116 Capacity: 77,716
Venues of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup in the United States
Source: FIFA Technical Report[25]
Chicago Boston
(Foxborough, Massachusetts)		 Portland San Jose
Soldier Field Foxboro Stadium Civic Stadium Spartan Stadium
Capacity: 65,080 Capacity: 58,868 Capacity: 27,396 Capacity: 26,000

Participating teams and officials

Qualification
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification
Map of qualified countries and their final ranking in the tournament

The 1999 Women's World Cup had sixteen participating teams, an increase from the twelve in 1995 and the largest field in the tournament's history.[26] Ghana, Mexico, North Korea, and Russia all made their Women's World Cup debuts at the 1999 tournament.[27] Of the remaining twelve teams, three were returning for their second tournament; nine had participated in all three editions since 1991.[28] The tournament's seven best quarter-finalists also qualified for the 2000 Sydney Olympics alongside hosts Australia.[29]

The United States was granted automatic qualification as the host. The remaining participants were determined through a series of six tournaments run by the continental confederations of world football from 1997 to 1998; these comprised 63 countries playing in 141 matches.[26] FIFA allocated six berths to Europe; three to Asia; two to Africa; and one each to North America (excluding the hosts), Oceania, and South America.[30] Another berth (for Mexico) was determined by a play-off series between the second-place finishers in the North and South American tournaments.[26]

Draw

The tournament's final draw took place on 14 February 1999, on a temporary outdoor stage at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California.[31] It was televised live by ESPN during the halftime of an exhibition match between the United States women's team and the FIFA Women's World Stars at the stadium.[32] The United States lost the match 2–1, their first home defeat in more than 40 matches.[33]

The draw was conducted using four pots of four teams each. The four highest-ranked teams, China, Germany, Norway, and the United States, were seeded into Pot A. The remaining pots were organized based on geographic location, with four European teams in Pot B, South America, Asia, and Oceania represented in Pot C, and North America and Africa in Pot D. The United States was placed in slot A1, separated from Canada and Mexico; similarly, China was separated from Japan and North Korea in the draw.[34]

As a result of the restrictions in seeding and pot placement, two of the World Cup groups each contained two European teams.[34] Group B was dubbed the "group of death" because it contained non-seeded Brazil, an Olympic semi-finalist, alongside Germany, Italy, and Mexico.[35][36] The teams drawn in Groups C and D were switched to place China's opening match at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, with hopes of attracting the San Francisco Bay Area's Chinese-American community.[31]

Squads
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup squads

Each team's squad for the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup consisted of 20 players, the same as the 1995 tournament. The sixteen participating national associations were required to confirm their final rosters no later than 9 June 1999.[37] Three days after the deadline, the full rosters were published by FIFA on their website.[38] Several teams, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico, drew much of their roster from U.S. college teams.[27][39][40] The oldest player at the tournament was Norwegian captain Linda Medalen, who turned 34 before the opening matchday, while the youngest was 16-year-old Ifeanyi Chiejine of Nigeria.[41]

Match officials

The 1999 tournament was the first World Cup to feature a pool of 31 referees composed entirely of women—the result of a directive from FIFA president Sepp Blatter approved the year before.[42] They worked in groups during matching and training and were divided between two base facilities in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. to reduce travel.[43] Before the tournament, several coaches raised concerns over the quality of the referee pool, particularly those chosen for geographic diversity.[44] By the end of the group stage, several coaches had complained of inconsistent fouls and offside calls. This was blamed in part on the referees being inexperienced with working in front of large crowds.[45] In a post-tournament report, FIFA stated that the trial of all-female referees had been successful and that further development would produce better results in future tournaments.[46]

FIFA published the final list of referees on 13 April 1999.[47] American referee Kari Seitz was selected in June as a replacement for another official who had been denied a travel visa to the United States.[48][49]

Assistant referee

Preparations

The organizing committee for the 1999 tournament was led by chairwoman Donna de Varona, a former Olympian swimmer and co-founder of the Women's Sports Foundation,[50][51] and president Marla Messing, an attorney and protégé of U.S. soccer president Alan Rothenberg who had helped organize the 1994 men's World Cup in the United States. Headquartered in Century City, California,[52] it had a $30 million budget for the tournament, a tenth of that for the men's tournament.[53] It was partially funded by a $2.5 million loan from the U.S. Soccer Foundation using profits from the 1994 men's World Cup.[21][54] Messing submitted the committee's business plan for the tournament in September 1998, two days before giving birth to her first child.[55]

The event attracted funding from several major corporate sponsors who had previously shied away from women's soccer, including: McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Fujifilm, Gillette, and Allstate; the companies, however, did not promote the tournament through advertising and tie-in campaigns like they did for the 1994 men's World Cup.[7] The tournament's official equipment sponsor was Adidas, who supplied the match balls and other equipment.[56] A new Women's World Cup Trophy was commissioned for the tournament, designed by William Sawaya of Sawaya & Moroni.[57] It cost $30,000 to design and assemble the 4.6-kilogram (10 lb) trophy. Following a bureaucratic issue that prevented it from being displayed at the February draw, it was unveiled on 19 April 1999.[58][59] FIFA also organized several other business events during the tournament, including the FIFA Women's Football Symposium and an extraordinary session of the FIFA Congress. Both took place in Los Angeles before the final.[60]

Following the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade a few weeks before the tournament, organizers feared the Chinese team would pull out of the World Cup. However, the team played as planned and reached the final, and the presidents of the United States and China exchanged congratulatory messages.[61][62] The closing of the U.S. embassy in Beijing also affected the visa process for the North Korean team and staff, as the country did not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., but their visas were approved in time for the tournament.[63]

Media and marketing

All 32 matches were televised in the United States on ABC, ESPN, and ESPN2, of which 26 were live broadcasts and six were tape delayed.[64][65] The network also carried some matches in 70 other countries on its affiliated channels.[21] Lifetime Television produced several documentaries and special programs for the World Cup. Eurosport broadcast most matches live across 55 countries, while local broadcasters in several countries also carried matches.[66] The Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), the largest women's professional sports league in the country, rescheduled several games to avoid clashing with World Cup fixtures. It also cross-promoted the tournament during its television broadcasts.[21][67] Over 2,000 accredited journalists covered the event, including 950 writers, 410 photographers, and 600 broadcast personnel.[68] Several major newspapers in the United States sent reporters to cover matches, with credentialed staff growing in number as the tournament went on, while others declined to produce content beyond wire reports.[69]

The official slogan of the tournament was "This is my game. This is my future. Watch me play." It was unveiled alongside the logo and branding in July 1997.[51][70] Tickets were marketed primarily to young girls and their fathers, rather than the stereotypical "soccer mom", and sold out quickly.[71] The organizing committee sponsored and arranged training camps and other events for youth soccer players in host cities. Some of these included appearances by members of the United States team to advertise the tournament and invite players and their families to attend matches.[21][72] Boy band 'N Sync and pop performers B*Witched and Billie performed at the opening ceremony for the Women's World Cup at Giants Stadium;[73] Billie's single, "Because We Want To", was chosen as the tournament's official song.[74] Pop singer Jennifer Lopez performed at the closing ceremony before the final and also recorded an official music video for her single "Let's Get Loud".[75][76]

Group stage

The sixteen participating teams were organized into four groups, labeled A to D, by the final draw on 14 February 1999.[31] The group stage consisted of 24 matches played in a round-robin format, in which each team played one match against the other three in their group.[77] Teams were awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw, and none for a defeat.[78] In the event of a tie on points, group position would be determined by several tiebreakers, beginning with goal differential and the number of goals scored.[79] The winners and runners-up from each group qualified for the first round of the knockout stage, which began with the quarter-finals on 30 June 1999.[77]

Group A
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Group A
Kristine Lilly (left) and Mia Hamm (right) both scored goals in the first two group stage matches for the United States
Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  United States (H) 3 3 0 0 13 1 +12 9 Advance to knockout stage
2  Nigeria 3 2 0 1 5 8 −3 6
3  North Korea 3 1 0 2 4 6 −2 3
4  Denmark 3 0 0 3 1 8 −7 0
Source: FIFA
(H) Host.

Hosts and 1991 champions United States were placed in Group A alongside Denmark, who were undefeated in European qualification, Nigeria, champions of the African qualifying competition, and North Korea in their World Cup debut.[28] The United States defeated Denmark 3–0 in the opening match, played on 19 June in front of a record 78,972 at Giants Stadium, with goals scored by Mia Hamm, Julie Foudy, and Kristine Lilly.[80] The following day at the Rose Bowl, North Korea lost 2–1 to Nigeria by conceding goals to Mercy Akide and Rita Nwadike in the second half.[81]

The United States hosted Nigeria at Chicago's Soldier Field for their second match. They fell behind in the second minute by conceding a goal to Nkiru Okosieme after a defensive mistake. The Americans rallied and found an equalizer in the form of an own goal scored by Ifeanyi Chiejine in the 19th minute. This initiated a 23-minute period where the home side scored six goals on their way to a 7–1 victory.[82][83] North Korea earned an upset victory over Denmark in Portland, winning 3–1 with two first-half goals and another in the 73rd minute before a consolation goal by the Danes.[84] The North Korean victory denied the United States an instant berth in the quarter-finals. It also preserved the chances for all four teams in the group to finish in the top two places and qualify for the knockout stage.[82]

Nigeria became the first African team to advance to the quarter-finals of a Women's World Cup with a 2–0 defeat of Denmark in their final group stage match. Nigeria's Super Falcons took the lead with a goal by Mercy Akide in the first half and added a second by Okosieme in the 81st minute, while Denmark had a goal disallowed and was unable to finish its chances.[85] The United States rested several of its starting players for its final group stage match against North Korea, but finished with a 3–0 victory with a goal from reserve striker Shannon MacMillan and another two scored by midfielder Tisha Venturini in the second half.[86] The Americans finished first in Group A, with nine points, followed by Nigeria with six.[87]

United States 3–0 Denmark
 Report
Attendance: 78,972
North Korea 1–2 Nigeria
 Report
Attendance: 17,100
United States 7–1 Nigeria
 Report
Attendance: 65,080
North Korea 3–1 Denmark
 Report
Attendance: 20,129
Referee: Martha Liliana Pardo (Colombia)
Nigeria 2–0 Denmark
 Report
Attendance: 22,109
Referee: Maria Edilene Siqueira (Brazil)
United States 3–0 North Korea
 Report
Attendance: 50,484

Group B
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Group B
Pretinha scored a hat-trick in Brazil's opening match against Mexico
Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Brazil 3 2 1 0 12 4 +8 7 Advance to knockout stage
2  Germany 3 1 2 0 10 4 +6 5
3  Italy 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4
4  Mexico 3 0 0 3 1 15 −14 0
Source: FIFA

Group B, dubbed the tournament's "group of death",[35] included 1995 runners-up Germany, Olympic semi-finalists Brazil, 1991 quarter-finalist Italy, and newcomers Mexico.[27][28] Brazil opened the group stage with a 7–1 blowout win over Mexico at Giants Stadium, scoring the final six goals of the match after it was tied at 1–1 ten minutes in. Forward Pretinha and midfielder Sissi both scored hat-tricks, the former's completed in stoppage time and the latter in the 50th minute. Kátia scored from a penalty kick before half-time.[88] Italy and Germany played to a 1–1 draw the following day at the Rose Bowl, avoiding an upset for the Italians with a penalty kick scored by Bettina Wiegmann in the 61st minute to level the match.[89]

Sissi scored twice for Brazil in their second match, a 2–0 victory against Italy in Chicago, earning the team a quarter-finals berth.[90] Mexico was eliminated from the group in a 6–0 loss to Germany in Portland, having been outshot 43–2 and unable to force a save from German goalkeeper Silke Rottenberg until the 89th minute. Inka Grings scored a hat-trick for the Germans, including the opening and closing goals of the match, while her teammates Sandra Smisek, Ariane Hingst, and Renate Lingor each scored one goal.[91]

Brazil and Germany played on the final matchday for first place in Group B, as the second-place team would be drawn against the United States in the quarter-finals. After conceding to Germany's Birgit Prinz in the eighth minute, Brazil rallied from behind and took a 2–1 lead by the end of the first half on goals by Kátia and Sissi. A penalty kick, awarded to Germany in the first minute of the second half after Prinz was fouled in the box, was converted by Wiegmann to tie the match at 2–2. The Germans then took the lead on a deflected shot by Steffi Jones, but a last-minute header from substitute forward Maycon in stoppage time tied the match at 3–3. Brazil finished atop the group and would play Nigeria in the quarter-finals, while Germany advanced as the second-placed team to face the United States.[92][93] Italy, who were already eliminated by the Brazil–Germany draw, defeated Mexico 2–0 at Foxboro Stadium to finish the tournament with a 1–1–1 record.[94]

Brazil 7–1 Mexico
 Report
Attendance: 78,972
Germany 1–1 Italy
 Report
Attendance: 17,100
Referee: Bola Elizabeth Abidoye (Nigeria)
Brazil 2–0 Italy
 Report
Attendance: 65,080
Referee: Gitte Nielsen (Denmark)
Germany 6–0 Mexico
 Report
Attendance: 20,129
Germany 3–3 Brazil
 Report
Attendance: 22,109
Mexico 0–2 Italy
Report
Attendance: 50,484
Referee: Bola Elizabeth Abidoye (Nigeria)

Group C
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Group C
Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Norway 3 3 0 0 13 2 +11 9 Advance to knockout stage
2  Russia 3 2 0 1 10 3 +7 6
3  Canada 3 0 1 2 3 12 −9 1
4  Japan 3 0 1 2 1 10 −9 1
Source: FIFA

Reigning World Cup champions Norway were seeded into Group C, which also had 1995 quarter-finalists Japan, North American qualification champions Canada, and newcomers Russia, who qualified through the European play-offs.[27][30] Canada took the lead in the 32nd minute of its opening match against Japan, played at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, but conceded to Japanese forward Nami Otake in the 64th minute and ended the match with a 1–1 draw.[95] Norway began its defense of the World Cup title in Massachusetts with a 2–1 win over the debuting Russians, with a goal by Brit Sandaune off a 28th-minute corner kick taken by Marianne Pettersen, who scored in the 68th minute and took nine more shots; Galina Komarova scored a consolation goal for Russia in the 78th minute, one of just two shots on goal for the team during the entire match.[96]

At Jack Kent Cooke Stadium near Washington, D.C., Norway became the first team to secure a place in the quarter-finals by winning 7–1 in a rout of Canada. Canada had tied the match at 1–1 with a goal in the 31st minute by Charmaine Hooper, but Norwegian forward Ann Kristin Aarønes, who had scored the first goal in the eighth minute, restored her team's lead with a header in the 36th minute.[97] Five Norwegian players scored in the second half, equaling the seven goals they scored against Canada in the first round of the 1995 tournament.[98] Four days after their defeat to Norway, the Russians earned their first World Cup win by defeating Japan 5–0 at Portland's Civic Stadium. The team scored four goals in the second half, including two by Olga Letyushova and three throughout the match that were assisted by captain Irina Grigorieva.[99]

Russia qualified for the quarter-finals with a 4–1 victory over Canada at Giants Stadium in New Jersey, finishing in second place with six points. Grigorieva scored Russia's first goal in the 54th minute and assisted on their second, the first of two goals scored by Elena Fomina; Canada had reduced the deficit to 2–1 with a goal by Charmaine Hooper in the 76th minute, but Fomina's second in the 86th minute and a stoppage time goal from Olga Karasseva finished off the match.[100] Norway finished unbeaten in the group stage by defeating Japan 4–0 at Soldier Field on 26 June, benefiting from an early penalty kick and an own goal that were both conceded by Hiromi Isozaki; Isozaki fouled Monica Knudsen in the box in the seventh minute, leading to a penalty converted by Hege Riise a minute later, and misplayed a cross by Unni Lehn into her own goal in the 26th minute. The Norwegian team lost captain Linda Medalen and forward Ann Kristin Aarønes to injuries in the first half, but not before the latter had scored the team's third goal. The final goal of the match was scored in the 61st minute by Dagny Mellgren, who headed in a cross produced by Lehn.[101]

Japan 1–1 Canada
 Report
Attendance: 23,298
Referee: Maria Edilene Siqueira (Brazil)
Norway 2–1 Russia
 Report
Attendance: 14,873
Referee: Zuo Xiudi (China PR)
Norway 7–1 Canada
 Report
Attendance: 16,448
Japan 0–5 Russia
Report
Attendance: 17,668
Canada 1–4 Russia
 Report
Attendance: 29,401
Referee: Zuo Xiudi (China PR)
Norway 4–0 Japan
 Report
Attendance: 34,256
Referee: Marisela Contreras (Venezuela)

Group D
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Group D
Alicia Ferguson was sent off with a red card in the second minute of Australia's match against China, the fastest in tournament history
Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  China PR 3 3 0 0 12 2 +10 9 Advance to knockout stage
2  Sweden 3 2 0 1 6 3 +3 6
3  Australia 3 0 1 2 3 7 −4 1
4  Ghana 3 0 1 2 1 10 −9 1
Source: FIFA

Group D included 1995 semi-finalists and Olympic runners-up China, 1995's last-place team Australia, newcomers and African tournament runners-up Ghana, and previous hosts and semi-finalists Sweden.[27][102] In their opening match against Sweden at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, China conceded an early goal in the second minute to Swedish defender Kristin Bengtsson. Forward Jin Yan scored the equalizer for China in the 17th minute and Liu Ailing scored the winning goal in the 69th minute.[103] Australia and Ghana played to a 1–1 draw at Foxboro Stadium in the group's other opening match a day later, which began with a red card shown to Ghanaian midfielder Barikisu Tettey-Quao in the 25th minute.[104] Ghanaian goalkeeper Memunatu Sulemana made 11 saves to keep the match scoreless until the 74th minute, when Matildas captain Julie Murray scored to break the deadlock. Ghana equalized less than two minutes later with a finish by substitute Nana Gyamfuah following a rebound off Australian goalkeeper Tracey Wheeler's save, securing a point in the group standings.[105]

Sweden took an early lead in its second match, played against Australia at Jack Kent Cooke Stadium near Washington, D.C., with a header in the eighth minute by Jane Törnqvist off a corner kick and a tap-in goal by Hanna Ljungberg twelve minutes later. Julie Murray's goal in the 32nd minute reduced the deficit to 2–1 at half-time, but Ljungberg scored again in the 69th minute because of a defensive error by Australia, confirming a 3–1 victory for the Swedes.[98][106] Sun Wen completed a hat-trick in the first 54 minutes of China's match against Ghana, which ended in a 7–0 victory at Portland's Civic Stadium and clinched the team's quarter-finals berth. Ghana lost defender Regina Ansah to a red card in the 52nd minute and three of her teammates earned three yellow cards for other fouls. The Chinese continued to score in the second half, including a pair by Zhang Ouying in the 82nd minute and at the beginning of stoppage time, while Zhao Lihong added another stoppage time goal a minute later.[107][108]

China closed out its group stage by defeating Australia 3–1, extending its winning streak to three matches and outscoring its opponents 12–2. Australian forward Alicia Ferguson was sent off for a foul in the second minute, which remains the fastest red card in Women's World Cup history.[109] Sun Wen scored her first goal in the 39th minute and followed with a second shortly after half-time, having received passes from Zhao Lihong for both goals. Cheryl Salisbury reduced the deficit to 2–1 with her strike in the 66th minute, ending a 253-minute shutout streak for Chinese goalkeeper Gao Hong. The Chinese ultimately won 3–1 after an assurance goal was scored by Liu Ying in the 73rd minute.[110][111] Sweden advanced to the quarter-finals with a 2–0 victory over Ghana in Chicago, relying on two goals scored by early substitute Victoria Svensson in the 58th and 86th minutes.[112]

China PR 2–1 Sweden
 Report
Attendance: 23,298
Referee: Virginia Tovar (Mexico)
Australia 1–1 Ghana
 Report
Attendance: 14,873
Australia 1–3 Sweden
 Report
Attendance: 16,448
Referee: Fatou Gaye (Senegal)
China PR 7–0 Ghana
 Report
Attendance: 17,668
Referee: Elke Günthner (Germany)
China PR 3–1 Australia
 Report
Attendance: 29,401
Ghana 0–2 Sweden
Report
Attendance: 34,256

Knockout stage
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup knockout stage

The knockout stage of the Women's World Cup consisted of three single-elimination rounds leading to a final and a third-place playoff. Following a tie in regulation time, two 15-minute periods of extra time would be used to determine a winner. For the first time in Women's World Cup history, the golden goal would be used during extra time to instantly decide the winner in sudden death.[113] If the score remained tied at the end of extra time, a penalty shootout would ensue.[114][115]

Bracket
 
Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal
 
          
 
1 July – Landover
 
 
 United States3
 
4 July – Stanford
 
 Germany2
 
 United States2
 
1 July – Landover
 
 Brazil0
 
 Brazil (g.g.)4
 
10 July – Pasadena
 
 Nigeria3
 
 United States (p)0 (5)
 
30 June – San Jose
 
 China PR0 (4)
 
 Norway3
 
4 July – Foxborough
 
 Sweden1
 
 Norway0
 
30 June – San Jose
 
 China PR5 Third place play-off
 
 China PR2
 
10 July – Pasadena
 
 Russia0
 
 Brazil (p)0 (5)
 
 
 Norway0 (4)
 

Quarter-finals

The first match of a quarter-finals doubleheader at Spartan Stadium in San Jose featured China and Russia, the only team to debut at the tournament and also advance to the knockout stage.[116] China advanced with a 2–0 victory over Russia, with goals by Pu Wei and Jin Yan, while their opponents did not manage a shot towards goal until stoppage time.[117] The second match of the doubleheader, between neighboring rivals Norway and Sweden, began with a scoreless first half and ended with four goals scored in the second half for a 3–1 Norwegian win. Norway opened the scoring with a header by Ann Kristin Aarønes in the 51st minute, which was followed by a goal from Marianne Pettersen in the 58th minute and a penalty scored by Hege Riise in the 72nd minute; Sweden scored a consolation goal by way of a run and shot from Malin Moström in the 90th minute.[118][119]

The next doubleheader, at Jack Kent Cooke Stadium near Washington, D.C., began with a match between the United States and Germany played in front of 54,642, including U.S. President Bill Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton, and Chelsea Clinton.[120] U.S. defender Brandi Chastain scored an own goal in the fifth minute after a miscommunication with goalkeeper Briana Scurry, but the Americans found an equalizing goal eleven minutes later from Tiffeny Milbrett.[121] Germany retook the lead in first-half stoppage time on a strike by Bettina Wiegmann that beat Scurry from 22 yards (20 m). Chastain redeemed herself by scoring the second equalizing goal for the U.S. in the 49th minute, finishing a corner kick that was taken by Mia Hamm.[122] Defender Joy Fawcett's header off a corner kick in the 66th minute proved to be the game-winning goal, allowing the United States to advance with a 3–2 defeat of the Germans.[121]

The second match at Jack Kent Cooke Stadium, featuring Brazil and Nigeria, was the first in FIFA Women's World Cup history to be decided by a golden goal in extra time.[123] Cidinha scored twice in the first 22 minutes of the match and was joined by Nenê in the 35th minute to give Brazil a 3–0 lead at half-time. Nigeria substituted goalkeeper Ann Chiejine for Judith Chime and began pressing its attackers early in the second half. The Super Eagles scored their first goal in the 63rd minute, Prisca Emeafu taking advantage of a defensive mistake, and added a second through Nkiru Okosieme's shot off a rebound in the 72nd minute. Nkechi Egbe scored the equalizing goal for Nigeria in the 85th minute with a far-post strike from 14 yards (13 m). The goal forced sudden death extra time, which Nigeria would play with only 10 players after forward Patience Avre was ejected in the 87th minute for receiving a second yellow card.[124] Brazilian midfielder Sissi, who had assisted two of the first-half goals, scored the golden goal from 22 yards (20 m) in the 104th minute to win the match 4–3 for Brazil.[123][125]

The top seven quarter-finalists also qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics alongside hosts Australia, who were eliminated in the group stage.[29] The Olympics qualification was determined by a series of tie-breakers, beginning with the margin of defeat in the quarter-final match, followed by goals scored in the quarter-final and group stage performance.[126] Although Russia and Sweden both lost by two goals, the Swedes had scored in their defeat while Russia did not, leaving them as the only quarter-finalist to not qualify for the Olympics.[127][128]

China PR 2–0 Russia
 Report
Attendance: 21,411
Norway 3–1 Sweden
 Report
Attendance: 21,411
United States 3–2 Germany
 Report
Attendance: 54,642
Referee: Martha Liliana Pardo (Colombia)
Brazil 4–3 (a.e.t./g.g.) Nigeria
 Report
Attendance: 54,642
Referee: Virginia Tovar (Mexico)

Semi-finals

The semi-finals fixtures on U.S. Independence Day were organized as doubleheaders with the host Major League Soccer teams, the New England Revolution and the San Jose Clash. Both teams played regular season matches afterwards against the MetroStars and D.C. United, respectively.[129][130] The United States faced Brazil at Stanford Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area in front of 73,123 spectators. The U.S. began the match with an early lead, following a mistimed catch from Brazilian goalkeeper Maravilha that allowed Cindy Parlow to score from a header in the fifth minute. Brazil responded with several shots in the second half that required goalkeeper Briana Scurry to make three major saves to preserve the lead.[131] On a counterattack in the 80th minute, U.S. striker Mia Hamm drew a penalty kick on a foul from Brazilian captain Elane. Veteran midfielder Michelle Akers, who had stayed on despite two serious head collisions, converted the penalty kick to give the United States a 2–0 victory.[132]

In the second semi-final, played before 28,986 attendees at Foxboro Stadium in Massachusetts, China defeated reigning champions Norway in a 5–0 rout that matched the team's worst-ever margin of defeat.[133] Sun Wen opened the scoring in the third minute, with a rebounded shot off a save by goalkeeper Bente Nordby. This was followed by a right-footed volley by Liu Ailing eleven minutes later off a corner kick, increasing the team's lead to 2–0. Liu scored her second goal in the 51st minute, hitting a left-footed volley from 15 yards (14 m), and Fan Yunjie scored China's fourth goal in the 65th minute with another volley off a free kick taken by Sun.[134] China was awarded a penalty kick in the 72nd minute for a handball in the Norwegian box. Sun converted it, scoring her seventh goal of the tournament to tie Sissi as the leading goalscorer.[133]

United States 2–0 Brazil
 Report
Attendance: 73,123
Norway 0–5 China PR
Report
Attendance: 28,986

Third place play-off

The third-place play-off, contested by Norway and Brazil, was the first part of a doubleheader with the final at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena kicking off in the morning.[135] Norway had the majority of chances to score during the match, but Maravilha saved all of their shots to preserve her shutout. Pretinha had two chances to score for Brazil and take the lead, but they were denied by Norwegian goalkeeper Bente Nordby late in the second half.[136] After remaining scoreless through regulation time and stoppage time, the match advanced straight into a penalty shootout; the standard golden goal extra time was skipped due to the constraints of television scheduling ahead of the final.[115] Pretinha missed the opening penalty for Brazil, but the remaining five taken by her teammates were all converted; Norway lost its lead in the shootout with a miss in the third round by Silje Jørgensen, and the shootout ended 5–4 in Brazil's favor after the sixth round following a miss by Ann Kristin Aarønes and a successful shot by Formiga.[115][135]

Brazil 0–0 Norway
Report
Penalties
 5–4
Attendance: 90,185

Final
Main article: 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final
U.S. defender Brandi Chastain scored the winning penalty in the final

The 1999 final at the Rose Bowl was played in front of 90,185 spectators, claimed to be a world record for a women's sports event,[137] while its U.S. television broadcast averaged 17.9 million viewers and peaked at 40 million.[35][138] The two finalists, the United States and China, had previously met in the gold medal match at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, which the U.S. won 2–1.[137] With several unsuccessful attempts at the goal made by the hosts, the match was scoreless after regulation time and moved into extra time. China shot twice towards the U.S. goal in extra time, but saves by midfielder Kristine Lilly and goalkeeper Briana Scurry preserved the tie until the end of extra time.[139]

In the ensuing penalty shootout, the first four players scored on their shots before Liu Ying had her attempt in the third round saved by Scurry. Scurry was accused of cheating by Chinese media outlets because she had intentionally stepped ahead of the goal line before saving Liu's shot, but stated that "everybody does it".[140] Lilly and Mia Hamm successfully converted their penalties and gave the Americans a lead, but Zhang Ouying and Sun Wen were able to convert theirs and keep it tied 4–4.[141] Brandi Chastain, who had missed a penalty kick in the Algarve Cup against the Chinese months earlier, beat goalkeeper Gao Hong and won the shootout 5–4 for the United States.[139][142] Chastain celebrated by removing her jersey and revealing her sports bra underneath, creating one of the most iconic moments in women's sports history as it appeared on the covers of major magazines and newspapers.[143][144][145]

United States 0–0 (a.e.t./g.g.) China PR
Report
Penalties
 5–4
Attendance: 90,185

Aftermath and legacy

The 1999 Women's World Cup is regarded as a watershed moment in the history of U.S. women's soccer because of its cultural impact and the great public interest it generated.[146][147] It had a total attendance of 1.194 million spectators and averaged 37,319 per match. This remained the highest total attendance for any Women's World Cup until 2015, which had more matches.[5] The tournament's merchandise sales and television ratings were especially high in the U.S., including several matches that set record for ESPN and ESPN2.[148][149][150] The final held the record for the largest domestic television audience for a soccer match until the 2014 men's World Cup.[151] The organizing committee reported an estimated profit of $4 million on its $30 million operating budget, making the tournament a financial success.[152]

The United States became the first team to win two Women's World Cups as well as the first to simultaneously hold the World Cup and Olympic titles.[141] The team, nicknamed the "99ers" and regarded as the best to have been produced by the U.S. women's soccer program,[153][154] became instant celebrities and appeared on late-night talk shows and news programs.[155][156][157] The team went on a months-long victory tour following the final, which was originally self-organized due to a pay dispute with the United States Soccer Federation. They appeared in national advertising campaigns for several major companies.[158] Although the team finished as silver medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics behind Norway, the U.S. team would go on to win gold medals at the three subsequent Olympics.[159] The United States finished third at the next two editions of the Women's World Cup and as runners-up to Japan in 2011 before winning their third World Cup title in 2015 and fourth in 2019.[160][161] Several members of the 2011, 2015, and 2019 teams cited the 1999 tournament as providing inspiration during their pursuit of a professional career in the sport.[162][163] Christie Rampone was the last member of the 1999 team to retire, doing so in 2017 after earning 311 caps.[164]

The organizers and supporters of the Women's World Cup had hoped to ride the momentum from the tournament's popularity to form a professional women's soccer league akin to Major League Soccer, which was established after the 1994 men's World Cup.[165][166] The Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA) was formed in January 2000 and began play in April 2001 with eight teams and the support of the United States Soccer Federation.[167][168] The league's $40 million, five-year budget lasted only one season while its attendance and television ratings struggled to meet projections and investor demands.[169] The league played three full seasons before folding in September 2003 with losses estimated at $90 million and an average attendance of 6,667 in its final season.[170] The league's teams continued playing in exhibition matches, but eventually folded, while another professional league was founded in 2007 and folded after three seasons.[171][172] The National Women's Soccer League was established in 2012 and is the longest-running women's soccer league in U.S. history, drawing on greater financial and planning support from the United States Soccer Federation.[173][174]

China was originally awarded the rights to host the 2003 tournament, but the SARS outbreak forced them to withdraw as hosts.[175] The United States stepped in to host the tournament, which was organized in three months and was used unsuccessfully to prevent the WUSA from folding.[176][177] The 2003 tournament used smaller venues, including several soccer-specific stadiums built for Major League Soccer teams, and its television broadcasts competed against American football and baseball games that were scheduled at the same time.[178][179] It averaged an attendance of 20,525 and ended with a victory for Germany over Sweden at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California.[180]

Awards
See also: FIFA Women's World Cup awards

Chinese striker Sun Wen was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player.[181] She also shared the Golden Shoe with Brazilian midfielder Sissi as the tournament's joint top goalscorers with seven goals and three assists for both players.[182] Sissi also won the Silver Ball, while American veteran Michelle Akers won the Bronze Ball. Ann Kristin Aarønes won the Bronze Shoe with four goals and one assist. China won the FIFA Fair Play Award for its disciplinary record during the tournament.[35][182] The tournament's awards were presented at the FIFA World Player of the Year ceremony on 24 January 2000 in Brussels.[183]

Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball
Sun Wen Sissi Michelle Akers
Golden Shoe Bronze Shoe
Sissi Sun Wen Ann Kristin Aarønes
7 goals, 3 assists 4 goals, 1 assist
FIFA Fair Play Award
 China PR

All-Star Team

The sixteen members of the Women's World Cup All-Star Team were announced on 8 July 1999, including seven players from China and five from the United States.[184] It was the first all-star team to be chosen during the World Cup by FIFA officials.[185]

Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards

Gao Hong
Briana Scurry

Wang Liping
Wen Lirong
Doris Fitschen
Brandi Chastain
Carla Overbeck

Sissi
Liu Ailing
Zhao Lihong
Bettina Wiegmann
Michelle Akers

Jin Yan
Sun Wen
Ann Kristin Aarønes
Mia Hamm

Statistics

Goalscorers

A total of 123 goals were scored at the Women's World Cup, setting a new tournament record, and averaged 3.84 per match. 74 different players scored goals, including three own goals and four hat-tricks. Sissi of Brazil and Sun Wen of China PR won the Golden Shoe award for scoring seven goals, while Ann Kristin Aarønes of Norway finished third with four goals.[109][186]

7 goals

4 goals

3 goals

2 goals

1 goal

1 own goal

Source: FIFA[186]

Assists

4 assists

3 assists

2 assists

1 assist

Source: FIFA[187]

Tournament ranking

Per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

Pos Grp Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Final result
1 A  United States (H) 6 5 1 0 18 3 +15 16 Champions
2 D  China PR 6 5 1 0 19 2 +17 16 Runners-up
3 B  Brazil 6 3 2 1 16 9 +7 11 Third place
4 C  Norway 6 4 1 1 16 8 +8 13 Fourth place
5 C  Russia 4 2 0 2 10 5 +5 6 Eliminated in
quarter-finals
6 D  Sweden 4 2 0 2 7 6 +1 6
7 A  Nigeria 4 2 0 2 8 12 −4 6
8 B  Germany 4 1 2 1 12 7 +5 5
9 B  Italy 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4 Eliminated in
group stage
10 A  North Korea 3 1 0 2 4 6 −2 3
11 D  Australia 3 0 1 2 3 7 −4 1
12 C  Canada 3 0 1 2 3 12 −9 1
13 D  Ghana 3 0 1 2 1 10 −9 1
13 C  Japan 3 0 1 2 1 10 −9 1
15 A  Denmark 3 0 0 3 1 8 −7 0
16 B  Mexico 3 0 0 3 1 15 −14 0
Source: FIFA Technical Report[188]
(H) Host.

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