2004 French–Ivorian clashes

In 2002, a civil war broke out in Côte d'Ivoire between Ivorian military and other forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the Ivorian president since 2000, and rebel forces identified with the Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire. Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with a rebel-held north and a government-held south.

On 4 November 2004, Gbagbo ordered the counter-offensive to the rebel town of Bouaké to be backed by air strikes. France does not react but on 5 November put three Dassault Mirage F.1 jet fighters based in nearby Gabon on standby.[4]

On 6 November, two Ivorian Sukhoi Su-25 bombers, crewed by two Belarusian mercenaries and two Ivorian pilots, fired on the Ivorian rebels led by Issiaka Ouattara.[5][6] One of the bombers attacked the French peacekeeping position in the town at 1 pm, killing nine French soldiers and wounding 31.[7] An American development worker, reported to have been a missionary, was also killed. The Ivorian government claimed the attack on the French was unintentional, but the French insisted that the attack had been deliberate.[8][9]

President Jacques Chirac ordered the destruction of the two Ivorian jets.[5] At 2:20 pm, the Su-25s landed back to Abidjan airport and are destroyed by MILAN missiles fired by soldiers of the 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment, garrisoned at the airport. They are then attacked by the an Ivorian Mil Mi-24 helicopter gunship but repelled it with machine gun fire.[4]

At 3 pm, armed mobs of Ivorians loyal to the government took to the streets of Abidjan to protest against France and began to mass near the airport and near the 43rd Marine Infantry Batalion base. At Abidjan's airport, French and Ivorian troops exchanged fire, and a French Transall C-160 military transport plane was damaged by RPGs at 4 pm. The remaining aircraft of the Ivorian air force (two other Su-25s, two Mi-24s and one BAC Strikemaster) are destroyed,[4] on direct orders from general Henri Poncet,[5] before Ivorian protesters enter into the terminal. Meanwhile, two Mi-24s and one Mil Mi-8 are "annihilated" in Yamoussoukro presidential palace.[4]

On 7 November, thousands of Ivorian loyalists attacked a French school and army base. Crowds of young Ivorians attacked a residential district made up of French citizens, which had to be evacuated by airlift as mobs burst into their apartment buildings. Armored cars carried armed protesters to join the fight, and French helicopters flew over Abidjan and dropped concussion grenades, while French armored vehicles carried troops to put down the riots. Protesters erected burning roadblocks, and French gunboats were positioned beneath the bridges. Fighting continued, and, by Sunday, French forces were still not in control of the city. As the riots in the streets continued, French soldiers opened fire on Ivorian rioters; the French government stated that 20 were killed while Ivorian authorities placed the death toll at 60.[10] At Duékoué and in the northern suburbs of Abidjan, French reinforcements and Ivorian troops exchanged fire, Ivorian soldiers and civilians being killed.[4]

French forces evacuated nearly 5,000 foreign nationals from Ivory Coast in the first half of November.[11] The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed an arms embargo on the country on 15 November 2004.[11]

French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier stated President Gbagbo was "personally responsible for what has happened", and declared that the violence was "unexplainable, unjustifiable". Ivorian National Assembly President Mamadou Koulibaly told state television: "Ivory Coast has become an overseas territory in Jacques Chirac’s head".[9]

France reportedly let the two foreign pilots leave the country, in a group fifteen Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian mercenaries. Questions subsequently raised about a possible French manipulation[12] and a judiciary inquiry is still ongoing as of 2020 in France.[8]

Côte d'Ivoire had begun rebuilding its air force with help from Belarus and Ukraine a year after the French attack.[13] A 2014 publication shows that two Sukhoi Su-25s were almost repaired at Abidjan Airport but not put back into service. This was due to an arms embargo, which left all four aircraft in storage, along with two Mil Mi-24 helicopters. The assorted equipment of the aircraft were discovered at the former residence of Félix Houphouët-Boigny by Alassane Ouattara in April 2011, at the end of the post-electoral conflict which saw Gbagbo ousted.[14]

French judge Brigitte Raynaud issued an international arrest warrant for the two pilots suspected of the bombing, Patrice Ouei and Ange-Magloire Gnanduillet, in January 2006.[15] An Ivorian military court was also seeking to find former defence minister Rene Amani and the former head of the loyalist army, Mathias Doué, over the bombing.[16] By 2008, relations between Côte d'Ivoire and France had returned to normal, with French foreign minister Bernard Kouchner being the first French foreign minister to visit since 2004.[17]