2009 Big East Conference football season

The 2009 Big East football season was an NCAA football season that was played from September 5, 2009, to January 2, 2010. The Big East Conference consists of 8 football members: Cincinnati, Connecticut, Louisville, Pittsburgh, Rutgers, South Florida, Syracuse, and West Virginia. Cincinnati won the Big East Championship for the second consecutive year and was invited to the Allstate Sugar Bowl where they lost to Florida 51–24. Overall, the Big East went 4–2 in Bowl Games.

2009 Big East Conference football season
LeagueNCAA Division I FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision)
Sportfootball
DurationSeptember 3, 2009
through January 2, 2010
Number of teams8
TV partner(s)ESPN-Big East Network
Regular season
ChampionCincinnati
2009 Big East Conference football standings
Conf  Overall
Team W L    W L 
No. 8 Cincinnati $  7 0     12 1  
No. 25 West Virginia  5 2     9 4  
No. 15 Pittsburgh  5 2     10 3  
Rutgers  3 4     9 4  
Connecticut  3 4     8 5  
South Florida  3 4     8 5  
Louisville  1 6     4 8  
Syracuse  1 6     4 8  
  • $ BCS representative as conference champion
Rankings from AP Poll

Previous season

Cincinnati (11-3) was the Big East champions and got the conference's automatic bid into the BCS and went to the FedEx Orange Bowl, losing to ACC champion Virginia Tech 20-7.

Five other Big East teams went to bowl games in 2008, finishing bowl play with a record of 4-2 as a conference. Connecticut (8-5) beat Buffalo 38-20 in the International Bowl. Pittsburgh (9-4) lost to Oregon State 3-0 in the Brut Sun Bowl. Rutgers (8-5) beat North Carolina State 29-23 in the PapaJohns.com Bowl. South Florida (8-5) beat Memphis 41-14 in the magicJack St. Petersburg Bowl. And West Virginia (9-4) beat North Carolina 31-30 in the Meineke Car Care Bowl. The only two teams not to go to a bowl game were Louisville (5-7) and Syracuse (3-9).

Preseason

Preseason poll

The 2009 Big East Preseason Poll was announced at the Big East Media Day in Newport, RI on August 4.[1] Pittsburgh was chosen as the favorite to win the conference.

Big East Media Poll

  1. Pittsburgh – 161 (8)
  2. West Virginia – 151 (5)
  3. Cincinnati – 144 (8)
  4. South Florida – 130 (3)
  5. Rutgers – 126
  6. Connecticut – 74
  7. Louisville – 51
  8. Syracuse – 27

Award watch lists

AwardSchoolPlayer
Bronko Nagurski Trophy[2] South Florida Jerome Murphy
South Florida George Selvie
Syracuse Arthur Jones
Dave Rimington Trophy[3] Rutgers Ryan Blaszczyk
Syracuse Jim McKenzie
Lombardi Award[4] Pittsburgh Nate Byham
Rutgers Anthony Davis
South Florida George Selvie
Syracuse Arthur Jones
West Virginia Scooter Berry
West Virginia Chris Neild
West Virginia J.T. Thomas
West Virginia Reed Williams
Manning Award[5] Cincinnati Tony Pike
South Florida Matt Grothe
Maxwell Award[6] Cincinnati Mardy Gilyard
Cincinnati Tony Pike
South Florida Matt Grothe
West Virginia Noel Devine
Lou Groza Award[7] Cincinnati Jake Rogers
UConn Dave Teggart
Outland Trophy[8] Rutgers Anthony Davis
Syracuse Arthur Jones
Fred Biletnikoff Award[9] Cincinnati Mardy Gilyard
Louisville Doug Beaumont
Walter Camp Award[10] Cincinnati Mardy Gilyard
South Florida George Selvie
Jim Thorpe Award[11] Pittsburgh Aaron Berry
Bednarik Award[6] Uconn Scott Lutrus
Pittsburgh Greg Romeus
Rutgers Ryan D'Imperio
South Florida George Selvie
Syracuse Arthur Jones
West Virginia Reed Williams
Doak Walker Award[12] UConn Andre Dixon
Uconn Jordan Todman
West Virginia Noel Devine
Davey O'Brien Award[13] West Virginia Jarrett Brown
South Florida Matt Grothe
Cincinnati Tony Pike

Regular season

Index to colors and formatting
Big East member won
Big East member lost
Big East teams in bold

All times Eastern time.

Rankings reflect that of the USA Today Coaches poll for that week until week eight when the BCS rankings will be used.

Week One

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
September 512:00 p.m.MinnesotaSyracuseCarrier DomeSyracuse, NYESPN2L 23-20 in OT48,617
September 512:00 p.m.LibertyWest VirginiaMountaineer FieldMorgantown, WVW 33-2057,950
September 51:00 p.m.Youngstown StatePittsburghHeinz FieldPittsburgh, PAW 38–348,497
September 57:00 p.m.UConnOhioPeden StadiumAthens, OHW 23-1624,617
September 57:00 p.m.WoffordSouth FloridaRaymond James StadiumTampa, FLW 40-740,360
September 57:30 p.m.Indiana StateLouisvillePapa John's Cardinal StadiumLouisville, KYW 30-1039,344
September 71:00 p.m.CincinnatiRutgersRutgers StadiumPiscataway, NJESPNCIN 47-1553,737

Players of the Week[14]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Tony Pike Cincinnati Lindsey Witten UConn Tyler Bitancurt West Virginia

Week Two

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
September 1212:00 p.m.#19 North CarolinaUConnRentschler FieldEast Hartford, CTESPNUL 12-1038,087
September 1212:00 p.m.PittsburghBuffaloUniversity at Buffalo StadiumAmherst, NYESPN2W 54-2721,870
September 1212:00 p.m.Syracuse#5 Penn StateBeaver StadiumUniversity Park, PABig Ten NetworkL 28-7106,387
September 123:30 p.m.HowardRutgersRutgers Stadium • Piscataway, NJW 45-743,722
September 123:30 p.m.East CarolinaWest VirginiaMountaineer Field • Morgantown, WVW 35–2059,216
September 127:30 p.m.Southeast Missouri State#23 CincinnatiNippert StadiumCincinnati, OHFSN-OhioW 70-330,421
September 127:30 p.m.South FloridaWestern KentuckyHouchens Industries–L. T. Smith StadiumBowling Green, KYW 35-1320,568

Players of the Week[15]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Jarrett Brown West Virginia Adam Gunn Pittsburgh Mardy Gilyard Cincinnati

Week Three

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
September 1912:00 p.m.LouisvilleKentuckyCommonwealth StadiumLexington, KYESPNUL 31-2770,988
September 195:00 p.m.UConnBaylorFloyd Casey StadiumWaco, TXW 30–2240,147
September 195:00 p.m.Florida InternationalRutgersRutgers Stadium • Piscataway, NJW 23-1545,273
September 196:00 p.m.NavyPittsburghHeinz Field • Pittsburgh, PAW 27-1455,064
September 196:45 p.m.#21 Cincinnati#24 Oregon StateReser StadiumCorvallis, ORFSNW 28-1841,909
September 197:00 p.m.Charleston SouthernSouth FloridaRaymond James Stadium • Tampa, FLW 59-038,798
September 197:00 p.m.NorthwesternSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYW 37-3440,251
September 197:45 p.m.West VirginiaAuburnJordan–Hare StadiumAuburn, ALESPN2L 41-3087,451

Players of the Week[16]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Mike Williams Syracuse Dan Mason Pittsburgh Ryan Lichtenstein Syracuse

Week Four

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
September 2612:00 p.m.Fresno State#15 CincinnatiNippert Stadium • Cincinnati, OHW 28–2032,910
September 2612:00 p.m.Rhode IslandUConnRentschler Field • East Hartford, CTW 52-1038,620
September 2612:00 p.m.South Florida#25 Florida StateDoak Campbell StadiumTallahassee, FLESPNUW 17-783,542
September 263:30 p.m.RutgersMarylandByrd StadiumCollege Park, MDW 34-1343,848
September 263:30 p.m.PittsburghNorth Carolina StateCarter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NCESPNUL 38-3157,583
September 267:00 p.m.MaineSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYW 41-2435,632
September 267:30 p.m.LouisvilleUtahRice-Eccles StadiumSalt Lake City, UTCBS College SportsL 30-1445,588

Players of the Week[17]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Mardy Gilyard Cincinnati Jason Pierre-Paul South Florida Teddy Dellaganna Rutgers

Week Five

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
October 17:30 p.m.ColoradoWest VirginiaMountaineer Field • Morgantown, WVESPNW 35-2460,055
October 28:00 p.m.PittsburghLouisvillePapa John's Cardinal Stadium • Louisville, KYESPN2PITT 35–1039,948
October 312:00 p.m.#23 South FloridaSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYBig East NetworkUSF 34-2040,147
October 31:00 p.m.#11 CincinnatiMiami (OH)Yager StadiumOxford, OHW 37-1323,493

Players of the Week[18]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Bill Stull Pittsburgh Nate Allen South Florida Scott Kozlowski West Virginia

Week Six

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
October 1012:00 p.m.West VirginiaSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYBig East NetworkWVU 34–1340,144
October 103:30 p.m.UConnPittsburghHeinz Field • Pittsburgh, PAABCPITT 24-2144,839
October 103:30 p.m.Texas SouthernRutgersRutgers Stadium • Piscataway, NJW 42-050,169
October 107:30 p.m.Southern MississippiLouisvillePapa John's Cardinal Stadium • Louisville, KYESPNUW 25-2337,268

Players of the Week[19]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Noel Devine West Virginia Robert Vaughn UConn Dan Hutchins Pittsburgh

Week Seven

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
October 157:30 p.m.#9 Cincinnati#21 South FloridaRaymond James Stadium • Tampa, FLESPNCIN 34–1763,976
October 168:00 p.m.PittsburghRutgersRutgers Stadium • Piscataway, NJESPNPITT 24-1750,296
October 1712:00 p.m.LouisvilleUConnRentschler Field • East Hartford, CTBig East NetworkUCONN 38-2540,000
October 173:30 p.m.MarshallWest VirginiaMountaineer Field • Morgantown, WVBig East NetworkW 24-754,432

On October 18, UConn cornerback Jasper Howard was stabbed to death during a fight at an on campus dance.[20] Howard had a career-high 11 tackles and forced a 3rd-quarter fumble to earn the game ball just hours before his death.

Players of the Week[19]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Dion Lewis Pittsburgh Lawrence Wilson UConn Jacob Rogers Cincinnati

Week Eight

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
October 238:00 p.m.RutgersArmyMichie Stadium • West Point, NYESPN2W 27-1024,098
October 2412:00 p.m.UConn#23 West VirginiaMountaineer Field • Morgantown, WVESPNUWVU 28-2458,106
October 2412:00 p.m.South Florida#20 PittsburghHeinz Field • Pittsburgh, PABig East NetworkPITT 41-1450,019
October 243:30 p.m.Louisville#5 CincinnatiNippert Stadium • Cincinnati, OHESPNUCIN 41-1035,099
October 243:30 p.m.AkronSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYW 28-1436,991

Players of the Week[21]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Noel Devine West Virginia Dom DeCicco Pittsburgh Tavon Austin West Virginia

Week Nine

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
October 308:00 p.m.#21 West VirginiaSouth FloridaRaymond James Stadium • Tampa, FLESPN2USF 30-1956,328
October 3112:00 p.m.#8 CincinnatiSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYESPNUCIN 28-733,802
October 3112:00 p.m.RutgersUConnRentschler Field • East Hartford, CTBig East NetworkRUTG 28-2437,045
October 313:30 p.m.Arkansas StateLouisvillePapa John's Cardinal Stadium • Louisville, KYW 21-1321,497

Players of the Week[22]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Tim Brown Rutgers Kion Wilson South Florida Devin McCourty Rutgers

Week Ten

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
November 712:00 p.m.LouisvilleWest VirginiaMountaineer Field • Morgantown, WVBig East NetworkWVU 17-955,334
November 712:00 p.m.Syracuse#13 PittsburghHeinz Field • Pittsburgh, PAESPNUPITT 37-1046,855
November 78:00 p.m.UConn#5 CincinnatiNippert Stadium • Cincinnati, OHABCCIN 47-4535,100

Players of the Week[23]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Zach Collaros Cincinnati Julian Miller West Virginia Jacob Rogers Cincinnati

Week Eleven

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
November 127:30 p.m.#24 South FloridaRutgersRutgers Stadium • Piscataway, NJESPNRUTG 31-048,057
November 138:00 p.m.#25 West Virginia#5 CincinnatiNippert Stadium • Cincinnati, OHESPN2CIN 24-2135,105
November 1412:00 p.m.SyracuseLouisvillePapa John's Cardinal Stadium • Louisville, KYBig East NetworkLOU 10-933,223
November 148:00 p.m.Notre Dame#12 PittsburghHeinz Field • Pittsburgh, PAABCW 27-2265,374

Players of the Week[24]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Jonathan Baldwin Pittsburgh Chris Campa Louisville Devin McCourty Rutgers

Week Twelve

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
November 2112:00 p.m.LouisvilleSouth FloridaRaymond James Stadium • Tampa, FLBig East NetworkUSF 34-2249,388
November 212:30 p.m.UConnNotre DameNotre Dame StadiumNotre Dame, INNBCW 33-30 in 2OT80,795
November 213:00 p.m.RutgersSyracuseCarrier Dome • Syracuse, NYSYR 31-1336,759

Players of the Week[25]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
B.J. Daniels South Florida Doug Hogue Syracuse Jordan Todman UConn

Week Thirteen

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
November 2711:00 a.m.RutgersLouisvillePapa John's Cardinal Stadium • Louisville, KYESPN2RUTG 34-1423,422
November 2712:00 p.m.Illinois#5 CincinnatiNippert Stadium • Cincinnati, OHABCW 49-3635,106
November 277:00 p.m.#9 PittsburghWest VirginiaMountaineer Field • Morgantown, WVESPN2WVU 19-1656,123
November 2812:00 p.m.SyracuseUConnRentschler Field • East Hartford, CTBig East NetworkUCONN 56-3140,000
November 283:30 p.m.#17 MiamiSouth FloridaRaymond James Stadium • Tampa, FLABCL 31-1066,469

Players of the Week[26]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Tony Pike Cincinnati Robert Sands West Virginia Tyler Bitancurt West Virginia

Week Fourteen

DateTimeVisiting teamHome teamSiteTVResultAttendance
December 512:00 p.m.#5 Cincinnati#15 PittsburghHeinz Field • Pittsburgh, PAABCCIN 45-4463,387
December 512:00 p.m.#23 West VirginiaRutgersRutgers Stadium • Piscataway, NJESPNWVU 24-2152,534
December 58:00 p.m.South FloridaUConnRentschler Field • East Hartford, CTESPN2UCONN 29-2735,624

Players of the Week[27]

Offensive Defensive Special teams
Player Team Player Team Player Team
Tony Pike Cincinnati Reed Williams West Virginia Mardy Gilyard Cincinnati

Rankings

Legend
    Improvement in ranking
  Drop in ranking
  Not ranked previous week
RV Received votes but were not ranked in Top 25 of poll
Ranking Movement
 PreWk
1
Wk
2
Wk
3
Wk
4
Wk
5
Wk
6
Wk
7
Wk
8
Wk
9
Wk
10
Wk
11
Wk
12
Wk
13
Wk
14
Final
Cincinnati AP RV 23 17 14 10 8 8 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 8
C RV 23 21 15 11 10 9 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 4 9
BCS Not released 5 8 5 5 5 5 5 3
Connecticut AP RV
C RV
BCS Not released  
Louisville AP
C
BCS Not released  
Pittsburgh AP RV RV RV RV RV RV 20 16 14 8 8 8 15 17 15
C RV RV RV RV RV RV 19 17 14 9 9 9 14 16 15
BCS Not released 20 15 13 12 9 9 15 17
Rutgers AP RV RV RV RV 25 RV
C RV RV RV RV RV RV
BCS Not released  
South Florida AP RV RV RV RV RV 23 21 RV RV 23
C RV RV RV RV RV 24 21 RV RV 24 RV
BCS Not released   25 24
Syracuse AP
C
BCS Not released  
West Virginia AP RV RV RV RV RV 22 20 RV RV RV RV 24 18 25
C RV RV RV RV RV 22 20 RV 23 RV RV 23 17 22
BCS Not released 23 21 25 23 16

Records against other conferences

As of games through week 13

ConferenceWinsLosses
ACC 2 3
Big 12 2 0
Big Ten 2 2
CUSA 3 0
Independents 4 0
MAC 4 0
Mountain West 0 1
Pac-10 1 0
SEC 0 2
Sun Belt 3 0
WAC 1 0
All FCS 10 0
Overall 32 8

Bowl games

Bowl Game Date Stadium City Television Matchups/Results Attendance Payout (US$)
St. Petersburg Bowl December 19, 2009 Tropicana Field St. Petersburg, FL ESPN Rutgers 45, UCF 24 29,763 $1,000,000
Meineke Car Care Bowl December 26, 2009 Bank of America Stadium Charlotte, NC ESPN Pittsburgh 19, North Carolina 17 50,389 $1,000,000
Konica Minolta Gator Bowl January 1, 2010 Jacksonville Municipal Stadium Jacksonville, FL CBS Florida State 33, West Virginia 21 84,129 $2,500,000
Sugar Bowl January 1, 2010 Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana FOX Florida 51, Cincinnati 24 65,207 $18,000,000
International Bowl January 2, 2010 Rogers Centre Toronto, ON ESPN2 South Florida 27, Northern Illinois 3 22,185 $750,000
PapaJohns.com Bowl January 2, 2010 Legion Field Birmingham, AL ESPN UConn 20, South Carolina 7 45,254 $900,000

Attendance

Team Stadium (Capacity) Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Game 4 Game 5 Game 6 Game 7 Game 8 Total Average % of Capacity
Cincinnati Nippert Stadium (35,098) 30,421 32,910 35,099 35,100 35,105 35,106 203,651 33,942 96.7
Connecticut Rentschler Field (40,000) 38,087 38,620 40,000 37,045 40,000 35,624 229,376 38,229 95.6
Louisville Papa John's Cardinal Stadium (42,000) 39,344 39,948 37,268 21,497 33,223 23,422 194702 32,450 77.3
Pittsburgh Heinz Field (65,050) 48,497 55,064 44,839 50,019 46,855 65,374 63,387 374,035 53,434 82.1
Rutgers Rutgers Stadium (52,454) 53,737 43,722 45,273 50,169 50,296 48,057 52,534 343,788 49,113 93.6
South Florida Raymond James Stadium (65,857) 40,360 38,798 63,976 56,328 49,388 66,469 315,319 52,553 79.8
Syracuse Carrier Dome (49,250) 48,617 40,251 35,632 40,147 40,144 36,991 33,802 36,759 312,343 39,043 79.3
West Virginia Mountaineer Field (60,000) 57,950 59,216 60,055 54,432 58,106 55,334 56,123 401,216 57,316 95.5

Awards and honors

Big East Conference Awards

The following individuals received postseason honors as voted by the Big East Conference football coaches.

2009 Big East Football Individual Awards
Award Recipient(s)
Offensive Player of the YearDion Lewis, RB, PITTSBURGH
Defensive Player of the YearGreg Romeus, DE, PITTSBURGH
Mick Williams, DL, PITTSBURGH
Special Teams Player of the YearMardy Gilyard, KR, CINCINNATI
Rookie of the YearDion Lewis, RB, PITTSBURGH
Coach of the YearBrian Kelly, CINCINNATI

References

  1. "Pittsburgh Chosen As 2009 BIG EAST Football Favorite". August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  2. "The Bronko Nagurski Charlotte Touchdown Club". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  3. "Rimington Trophy". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  4. Hugo Aguilar. "The Rotary Lombardi Award Website - 2009 Contenders". Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  5. "Allstate Sugar Bowl Announces Manning Award Watch List". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  6. "College Player Watch List". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
  7. "Lou Groza Award". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  8. "2009 Outland Trophy Watch List Announced" (Press release). August 11, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  9. "The Biletnikoff Award". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  10. "Walter Camp Announces 2009 Player of the Year Watch List" (Press release). Walter Camp. August 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2009-10-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "2009 Doak Walker Award Candidates Announced" (PDF). August 4, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-22. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  13. "2009 O'Brien Quarterback Award Watch List Announced". August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  14. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204789575
  15. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204793625
  16. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204798408
  17. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204803081#
  18. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204807463
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "Howard dies after stabbing". ESPN. Associated Press. October 19, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  21. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204821154
  22. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204825804
  23. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204829855
  24. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204834545
  25. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=92485&SPID=11215&DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204838866
  26. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204841905
  27. http://www.bigeast.org/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19400&ATCLID=204845481
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.