2015–16 Champions Hockey League
The 2015–16 Champions Hockey League is the second season of the Champions Hockey League, a European ice hockey tournament launched by 26 founding clubs, six leagues and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).
Tournament details | |
---|---|
Dates | 20 August 2015 – 9 February 2016 |
Teams | 48 |
Final positions | |
Champions | Frölunda HC (1st title) |
Runner-up | Kärpät |
Third place | HC Davos Lukko |
Tournament statistics | |
Matches played | 157 |
Goals scored | 802 (5.11 per match) |
Attendance | 512,040 (3,261 per match) |
Scoring leader(s) | Ryan Lasch (16 points) |
MVP | Ryan Lasch |
← 2014–15 2016–17 → |
The regulation round began on 20 August 2015 and ended on 6 September 2015. The playoffs began on 22 September 2015 and ended with the 2016 Champions Hockey League Final on 9 February 2016. Frölunda HC defeated Kärpät 2–1 to win the second edition of Champions Hockey League.
Team allocation
A total of 48 teams from twelve different European first-tier leagues participate in the 2015–16 Champions Hockey League.
Team license
The teams were decided with regards to different licenses for the founding teams, leagues and wildcards.
- A license: The 26 founding teams get an A license, if they play in the first-tier league of their respective domestic league system in the 2015–16 season.
- B license: Two teams – the regular-season winner and the play-off champion in the 2014–15 season – from each of the founding leagues (the Austrian EBEL, the Czech Extraliga, the Finnish Liiga, the German DEL, the Swedish SHL and the Swiss NLA) received a B licence to the tournament. If those teams had already received an A license, other teams from the league took the B license spots. The order the B licenses were handed out is:[1][2]
- National champion
- Regular season winner
- Runner-up, regular season
- Play-off finalist
- Best placed semifinal loser
- Worst placed semifinal loser
- C license: There were 10 wild cards. The champions from Norway, Denmark, Slovakia, France and the United Kingdom will, like the previous season got wild cards.[3] From Slovakia, France, Norway and the United Kingdom, a second team also got a wild card.[4] One wild card license were assigned to the 2014–15 IIHF Continental Cup winner HK Neman Grodno.[5][6][7]
Teams
Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows.[9][10]
Phase | Round | Draw date | First leg | Second leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group stage | Matchday 1 | 13 May 2015[11] | 20–21 August 2015 | |
Matchday 2 | 22–23 August 2015 | |||
Matchday 3 | 27–28 August 2015 | |||
Matchday 4 | 29–30 August 2015 | |||
Matchday 5 | 3–4 September 2015 | |||
Matchday 6 | 5–6 September 2015 | |||
Playoff | Round of 32 | 8 September 2015[12] | 22 September 2015 | 6 October 2015 |
Round of 16 | 3 November 2015 | 10 November 2015 | ||
Quarter-finals | 1 December 2015 | 8 December 2015 | ||
Semi-finals | 12 January 2016 | 19 January 2016 | ||
Final | 9 February 2016 |
Group stage
For the 2015–16 season, the regular season was expanded to 48 teams, divided into 16 groups with 3 teams in each group. The two first teams in each group advanced to the play-offs (round of 32).[5]
The group stage began on 20 August and ended on 6 September 2015.[13][14] The 48 teams were divided into 16 groups of three teams each. Each team played a double round-robin in their group, facing each team at home and on the road, giving 4 games per team. The 16 group winners and the 16 runners-up qualified for the playoffs.[15]
Group stage draw
The 16 groups were determined by a draw taking place on 13 May 2015 in Prague, Czech Republic. The 48 teams had been ranked and placed into three pots of 16 teams each. Following the draw, each group consisted of one team from each pot. The seedings were as follows;[16]
Tiebreakers
The teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win in regular time, 2 points for an overtime win or shootout win, 1 point for an overtime loss or shootout loss, 0 points for a loss in regular time). If two or more teams were equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria were applied in the order given to determine the rankings:[17]
- higher number of points obtained in the group matches played among the teams in question;
- superior goal difference from the group matches played among the teams in question;
- higher number of goals scored in the group matches played among the teams in question;
- higher number of wins in regular time in the group matches played among the teams in question;
- higher number of goals scored in one match in the group matches played among the teams in question;
- if, after having applied criteria 1 to 5, teams still had an equal ranking in a two-way tie, criteria 1 to 5 were reapplied against the third team in the group. If this procedure did not lead to a decision, criteria 7 to 10 applied;
- higher number of wins in overtime;
- higher number of goals scored in shootout (if both matches ended in shootout);
- if two teams still remained tied and they met in their group's final game, they played a shootout to determine which team is ranked higher;
- higher pre-draw rankings.
Group A
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | LHC | HIFK | SCB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Linköpings HC | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 4 | +10 | 11 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 2–0 | 3–2(SO) | |
2 | HIFK | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 8 | −2 | 4 | 1–2 | — | 3–1 | ||
3 | SC Bern | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 15 | −8 | 3 | 1–7 | 3–2(SO) | — |
Group B
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | TAP | DIF | EVZ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tappara | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 6 | +10 | 10 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 2–3(OT) | 3–1 | |
2 | Djurgårdens IF | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 11 | +2 | 8 | 2–4 | — | 5–3 | ||
3 | EV Zug | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 18 | −12 | 0 | 0–7 | 2–3 | — |
Group C
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | HV71 | RBS | SON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HV71 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 4 | +12 | 12 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 4–1 | 7–1 | |
2 | Red Bull Salzburg | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 13 | −3 | 3 | 1–3 | — | 7–2 | ||
3 | SønderjyskE Ishockey | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 17 | −9 | 3 | 1–2 | 4–1 | — |
Group D
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | SKE | LIB | NIT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Skellefteå AIK | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 6 | +10 | 11 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 5–2 | 3–2(SO) | |
2 | Bílí Tygři Liberec | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 9 | +4 | 6 | 0–4 | — | 2–0 | ||
3 | HK Nitra | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 18 | −14 | 1 | 2–4 | 0–9 | — |
Group E
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | HCD | FBK | PCE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HC Davos | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 6 | +6 | 10 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 0–1(OT) | 5–3 | |
2 | Färjestad BK | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | −1 | 7 | 0–4 | — | 4–3(OT) | ||
3 | HC Pardubice | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | −5 | 1 | 2–3 | 2–3 | — |
Group F
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | LIT | BLU | GRE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HC Litvínov | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 7 | +7 | 11 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 3–2(OT) | 6–4 | |
2 | Espoo Blues | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | −1 | 4 | 0–1 | — | 4–2 | ||
3 | Grenoble | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 15 | −6 | 3 | 1–4 | 2–1 | — |
Group G
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | TPS | DEG | BWL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | TPS | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 9 | +6 | 9 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 1–2(SO) | 6–1 | |
2 | Düsseldorfer EG | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 14 | +1 | 5 | 4–5 | — | 6–3 | ||
3 | Black Wings Linz | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 18 | −7 | 4 | 2–3(OT) | 5–3 | — |
Group H
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | RBM | KOS | KAC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Red Bull Munich | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 4 | +11 | 12 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 1–0 | 6–1 | |
2 | HC Košice | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 8 | −1 | 5 | 2–4 | — | 2–1(SO) | ||
3 | KAC Klagenfurt | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 15 | −10 | 1 | 1–4 | 2–3 | — |
Group I
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | MAN | VIT | NEM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Adler Mannheim | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 5 | +1 | 8 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 2–1(SO) | 2–1 | |
2 | Vítkovice Steel | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | +2 | 7 | 1–2 | — | 3–1 | ||
3 | Neman Grodno | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 | −3 | 3 | 2–0 | 0–2 | — |
Group J
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | KÄR | VIC | KRE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kärpät | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 | +11 | 12 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 4–0 | 4–1 | |
2 | Vienna Capitals | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 14 | −6 | 4 | 0–2 | — | 2–3(SO) | ||
3 | Krefeld Pinguine | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 14 | −5 | 2 | 0–2 | 5–6 | — |
Group K
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | LHF | LUK | FRI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Luleå HF | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 9 | +5 | 8 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 4–3(SO) | 4–2 | |
2 | Lukko | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 12 | −1 | 6 | 0–3 | — | 4–2 | ||
3 | Fribourg-Gottéron | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 15 | −4 | 4 | 4–3 | 3–4(SO) | — |
Group L
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | OIL | TRI | KAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Stavanger Oilers | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 7 | +4 | 7 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 4–1 | 3–0 | |
2 | Oceláři Třinec | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 11 | +3 | 6 | 4–3(OT) | — | 6–0 | ||
3 | KalPa | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 13 | −7 | 5 | 2–1 | 4–3(SO) | — |
Group M
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | STO | SPA | GEN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Storhamar Ishockey | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 9 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 2–3 | 5–1 | |
2 | HC Sparta Praha | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 10 | +2 | 7 | 1–2 | — | 5–2 | ||
3 | Genève-Servette | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 16 | −9 | 2 | 0–3 | 4–3(OT) | — |
Group N
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | FHC | JYP | SHE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Frölunda HC | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 5 | +15 | 12 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 3–2 | 9–1 | |
2 | JYP | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 9 | +1 | 6 | 1–4 | — | 3–0 | ||
3 | Sheffield Steelers | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 20 | −16 | 0 | 1–4 | 2–4 | — |
Group O
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | VLH | ING | BRA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Växjö Lakers | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 10 | +10 | 9 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 4–2 | 10–2 | |
2 | ERC Ingolstadt | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 15 | +1 | 6 | 5–3 | — | 5–2 | ||
3 | Braehead Clan | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 22 | −11 | 3 | 1–3 | 6–4 | — |
Group P
Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | ZSC | BER | GAP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ZSC Lions | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 10 | +10 | 12 | Advance to Playoffs | — | 3–2 | 6–1 | |
2 | Eisbären Berlin | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 13 | −1 | 3 | 3–6 | — | 6–1 | ||
3 | Rapaces de Gap | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 18 | −9 | 3 | 4–5 | 3–1 | — |
Playoffs
In the playoffs, the teams played against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis with the team with the better standing after the group stage having the second game at home, except for the one-game final played at the venue of the team with the best competition track record leading up to the final.
The mechanism of the draw for playoffs were as follows:
- The entire playoff was drawn at a single occasion on 8 September 2015 to determine the sixteen pairings for the Round of 32. After the draw, all games up to the final were set in brackets.[12]
- In the draw for the Round of 32, the 16 group winners were seeded, and the 16 runners-up were unseeded. The seeded teams were drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group could not be drawn against each other.[12]
Playoff teams
Group | Winners (Seeded in round of 32 draw) |
Runners-up (Unseeded in round of 32 draw) |
---|---|---|
A | Linköpings HC | HIFK |
B | Tappara | Djurgårdens IF |
C | HV71 | Red Bull Salzburg |
D | Skellefteå AIK | Bílí Tygři Liberec |
E | HC Davos | Färjestad BK |
F | HC Litvínov | Espoo Blues |
G | TPS | Düsseldorfer EG |
H | Red Bull Munich | HC Košice |
I | Adler Mannheim | Vítkovice Steel |
J | Kärpät | Vienna Capitals |
K | Luleå HF | Lukko |
L | Stavanger Oilers | Oceláři Třinec |
M | Storhamar Ishockey | HC Sparta Praha |
N | Frölunda HC | JYP |
O | Växjö Lakers | ERC Ingolstadt |
P | ZSC Lions | Eisbären Berlin |
Bracket
Note:
- The teams listed on top of each tie play first game at home and the bottom team plays second game at home.
- The order of the legs (what team starts at home) in the future rounds may be changed as the team with best record should have second game at home.
Round of 32
The draw for the entire playoff (round of 32, round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals and final) was held on 8 September 2015.[10][12] The first legs were played on 22 and 29 September, and the second legs were played on 6 October 2015. The seeded teams (group winners) played the last game at home.
Team 1 | Agg. | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oceláři Třinec | 3–5 | HV71 | 2–2 | 1–3 |
Bílí Tygři Liberec | 10–4 | Linköpings HC | 4–1 | 6–3 |
Espoo Blues | 6–4 | Adler Mannheim | 4–1 | 2–3 |
HIFK | 4–6 | HC Davos | 2–1 | 2–5 |
HC Sparta Praha | 6–2 | ZSC Lions | 3–2 | 3–0 |
Eisbären Berlin | 6–3 | Stavanger Oilers | 3–0 | 3–3 |
Düsseldorfer EG | 0–5 | Kärpät | 0–2 | 0–3 |
HC Košice | 4–6 | Skellefteå AIK | 4–3 | 0–3 |
Red Bull Salzburg | 3–6 | Storhamar Ishockey | 1–3 | 2–3 |
ERC Ingolstadt | 5–6 | Frölunda HC | 4–2 | 1–4 (OT) |
JYP | 3–6 | TPS | 2–2 | 1–4 |
Vienna Capitals | 5–6 | HC Litvínov | 3–4 | 2–2 (OT) |
Lukko | 8–3 | Red Bull Munich | 5–3 | 3–0 |
Vítkovice Steel | 1–4 | Tappara | 0–2 | 1–2 |
Djurgårdens IF | 7–6 | Växjö Lakers | 4–3 | 3–3 |
Färjestad BK | 3–4 | Luleå HF | 0–3 | 3–1 |
Round of 16
The first legs were played on 3 November, and the second legs were played on 10 November 2015.
Team 1 | Agg. | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Espoo Blues | 4–2 | HV71 | 3–1 | 1–1 |
HC Sparta Praha | 5–6 | Kärpät | 4–2 | 1–4 |
TPS | 6–4 | Storhamar Ishockey | 4–3 | 2–1 |
Djurgårdens IF | 2–4 | Lukko | 1–2 | 1–2 |
Bílí Tygři Liberec | 6–9 | HC Davos | 3–5 | 3–4 |
Eisbären Berlin | 3–7 | Skellefteå AIK | 2–5 | 1–2 |
HC Litvínov | 2–7 | Frölunda HC | 2–1 | 0–6 |
Tappara | 2–6 | Luleå HF | 2–1 | 0–5 |
Quarter-finals
The first legs were played on 1 December, and the second legs were played on 8 December 2015.
Team 1 | Agg. | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Espoo Blues | 3–5 | Kärpät | 2–0 | 1–5 |
TPS | 4–4 (0–1 SO) | Lukko | 3–3 | 1–1 (OT) |
HC Davos | 5–2 | Skellefteå AIK | 1–1 | 4–1 |
Luleå HF | 7–7 (1–3 SO) | Frölunda HC | 3–2 | 4–5 (OT) |
Semi-finals
The first legs will be played on 12 January, and the second legs will be played on 19 January 2016.
Team 1 | Agg. | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lukko | 4–5 | Kärpät | 2–3 | 2–2 |
HC Davos | 1–6[A] | Frölunda HC | 0–5 | 1–1 |
- Notes
Final
The final was played on 9 February 2016.
9 February 2016 18:30 | Kärpät | 1–2 (0–2, 0–0, 1–0) | Frölunda HC | Oulun Energia Areena, Oulu Attendance: 6,200 |
Game reference | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sami Aittokallio | Goalies | Lars Johansson | Referees: Tobias Wehrli Marc Wiegand Linesmen: Miroslav Lhotský Lukas Kohlmüller | ||||||||
| |||||||||||
2 min | Penalties | 8 min | |||||||||
19 | Shots | 23 |
References
- "New clubs join CHL". iihf.com. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
- "Qualifikationskriterien für die Champions Hockey League". iihf.com (in German). 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
- "Norge får to plasser i Champions Hockey League" (in Norwegian). TV2. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- "V Lige majstrov bude mať Slovensko od sezóny 2015/2016 dvoch zástupcov" (in Slovak). Slovak Ice Hockey Federation. 13 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- "CHL to play with 48 teams in 2015–16". Champions Hockey League. 4 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- "Neman wins Continental Cup". IIHF. 10 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- "HC Neman Grodno to play in 2015-16 CHL season". Belarus News (BelTA). 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- Mankila, Pekka (29 March 2015). "Kärpät march to Liiga semis, SaiPa replaced by Blues in CHL". Champions Hockey League. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- "Deltagelse i Champions Hockey League 2015/16". Norges Ishockeyforbun. Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- "Draw complete! See who your team plays in the Round of 32". CHL. 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- "Belarus' Neman Grodno marks CHL foray into Eastern Europe". CHL. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- "Samu Haber of Sunrise Avenue to draw Round of 32". CHL. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- "CHL Group Stage schedule! Opens with 12 games 20 August". championshockeyleague.net. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- "Schedule". championshockeyleague.net. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- "Group Stage Draw in Prague, Wednesday at 12:00 CET". Champions Hockey League. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- "Växjö lead rankings of 48 CHL clubs ahead of Draw". 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-07. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- "Imagine the possibilities! Taking a look at the CHL playoff scenarios". championshockeyleague.net. Champions Hockey League. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- "CHL Semi-Finals set!". 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.