2018–19 FIS Cross-Country World Cup

The 2018–19 FIS Cross-Country World Cup was the 38th official World Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and ladies. The season began on 24 November 2018 in Ruka, Finland and concluded with the World Cup Final on 24 March 2019 in Québec, Canada.[1]

2018–19 FIS Cross-Country World Cup
Discipline Men Women
Overall Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Ingvild Flugstad Østberg
Distance Alexander Bolshunov Therese Johaug
Sprint Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Stina Nilsson
U-23 Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Ebba Andersson
Bonus Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Ingvild Flugstad Østberg
Nations Cup Norway Norway
Nations Cup Overall Norway
Stage events
Nordic Opening Didrik Tønseth Therese Johaug
Tour de Ski Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Ingvild Flugstad Østberg
World Cup Final Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Stina Nilsson
Competition
Locations 17 venues 17 venues
Individual 29 events 29 events
Relay/Team 4 events 4 events

The biennial World Championships in Seefeld, Austria interrupted the World Cup in mid-February.

Calendar

Men
WC Stage Date Place Discipline Winner Second Third Yellow bib Ref.
1 1 24 November 2018   Ruka Sprint C   Alexander Bolshunov Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Eirik Brandsdal Alexander Bolshunov [2]
2 2 25 November 2018   Ruka 15 km C   Alexander Bolshunov Emil Iversen Calle Halfvarsson [3]
3 30 November 2018   Lillehammer Sprint F   Federico Pellegrino Emil Iversen Alex Harvey Alexander Bolshunov [4]
4 1 December 2018   Lillehammer 15 km F   Sjur Røthe Didrik Tønseth Denis Spitsov [5]
5 2 December 2018   Lillehammer 15 km C Pursuit   Janosch Brugger Jean-Marc Gaillard Erik Bjornsen [6]
3 9th Nordic Opening Overall (30 November – 2 December 2018) Didrik Tønseth Sjur Røthe Emil Iversen Emil Iversen [7]
4 6 8 December 2018   Beitostølen 30 km F   Sjur Røthe Martin Johnsrud Sundby Andrey Melnichenko Alexander Bolshunov [8]
5 7 15 December 2018   Davos Sprint F   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Federico Pellegrino Baptiste Gros [9]
6 8 16 December 2018   Davos 15 km F   Evgeniy Belov Maurice Manificat Martin Johnsrud Sundby [10]
9 29 December 2018   Toblach Sprint F   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Richard Jouve Lucas Chanavat Alexander Bolshunov [11]
10 30 December 2018   Toblach 15 km F   Sergey Ustiugov Simen Hegstad Krüger Alexander Bolshunov [12]
11 1 January 2019   Val Müstair Sprint F   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Federico Pellegrino Sergey Ustiugov [13]
12 2 January 2019   Oberstdorf 15 km C Mass Start  Emil Iversen Francesco De Fabiani Sergey Ustiugov [14]
13 3 January 2019   Oberstdorf 15 km F Pursuit   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Sergey Ustiugov Alexander Bolshunov [15]
14 5 January 2019   Val di Fiemme 15 km C Mass Start   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Francesco De Fabiani Alexander Bolshunov [16]
15 6 January 2019   Val di Fiemme 9 km F Pursuit climb   Sjur Røthe Simen Hegstad Krüger Andrey Melnichenko [17]
7 13th Tour de Ski Overall (29 December 2018 – 6 January 2019) Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Sergey Ustiugov Simen Hegstad Krüger Johannes Høsflot Klæbo [18]
8 16 12 January 2019   Dresden Sprint F   Sindre Bjørnestad Skar Gleb Retivykh Erik Valnes Johannes Høsflot Klæbo [19]
9 17 19 January 2019   Otepää Sprint C   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Alexander Bolshunov Pål Golberg [20]
10 18 20 January 2019   Otepää 15 km C   Iivo Niskanen Alexander Bolshunov Didrik Tønseth [21]
11 19 26 January 2019   Ulricehamn 15 km F   Maurice Manificat Simen Hegstad Krüger Didrik Tønseth [22]
12 20 9 February 2019   Lahti Sprint F   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Federico Pellegrino Finn Hågen Krogh [23]
13 21 16 February 2019   Cogne Sprint F   Federico Pellegrino Francesco De Fabiani Lucas Chanavat [24]
14 22 17 February 2019   Cogne 15 km C   Alexander Bolshunov Iivo Niskanen Alexander Bessmertnykh [25]
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2019 (20 February–3 March)
15 23 9 March 2019   Oslo 50 km C Mass Start   Alexander Bolshunov Maxim Vylegzhanin Andrey Larkov Alexander Bolshunov [26]
16 24 12 March 2019   Drammen Sprint C   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Eirik Brandsdal Richard Jouve Johannes Høsflot Klæbo [27]
17 25 16 March 2019   Falun Sprint F   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Emil Iversen Sindre Bjørnestad Skar [28]
18 26 17 March 2019   Falun 15 km F   Alexander Bolshunov Martin Johnsrud Sundby Didrik Tønseth [29]
27 22 March 2019   Québec Sprint F   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Federico Pellegrino Sindre Bjørnestad Skar Johannes Høsflot Klæbo [30]
28 23 March 2019   Québec 15 km C Mass Start   Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Alex Harvey Didrik Tønseth [31]
29 24 March 2019   Québec 15 km F Pursuit  Alex Harvey Alexander Bolshunov Andrew Young [32]
19 2018–19 World Cup Finals (22–24 March 2019) Johannes Høsflot Klæbo Alex Harvey Alexander Bolshunov [33]

Women
WC Stage Date Place Discipline Winner Second Third Yellow bib Ref.
1 1 24 November 2018   Ruka Sprint C   Yuliya Belorukova Maja Dahlqvist Ida Ingemarsdotter Yulia Belorukova [34]
2 2 25 November 2018   Ruka 10 km C   Therese Johaug Charlotte Kalla Ebba Andersson [35]
3 30 November 2018   Lillehammer Sprint F   Jonna Sundling Stina Nilsson Sadie Bjornsen Yuliya Belorukova [36]
4 1 December 2018   Lillehammer 10 km F   Therese Johaug Ebba Andersson Charlotte Kalla [37]
5 2 December 2018   Lillehammer 10 km C Pursuit   Therese Johaug Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Ebba Andersson Therese Johaug [38]
3 9th Nordic Opening Overall (30 November – 2 December 2018) Therese Johaug Ebba Andersson Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [39]
4 6 8 December 2018   Beitostølen 15 km F   Therese Johaug Charlotte Kalla Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Therese Johaug [40]
5 7 15 December 2018   Davos Sprint F   Stina Nilsson Sophie Caldwell Maja Dahlqvist [41]
6 8 16 December 2018   Davos 10 km F   Therese Johaug Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Krista Pärmäkoski [42]
9 29 December 2018   Toblach Sprint F   Stina Nilsson Ida Ingemarsdotter Jessie Diggins Therese Johaug [43]
10 30 December 2018   Toblach 10 km F   Natalya Nepryayeva Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Anastasia Sedova [44]
11 1 January 2019   Val Müstair Sprint F   Stina Nilsson Sophie Caldwell Jessie Diggins [45]
12 2 January 2019   Oberstdorf 10 km C Mass Start  Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Natalya Nepryayeva Anastasia Sedova Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [46]
13 3 January 2019   Oberstdorf 10 km F Pursuit   Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Natalya Nepryayeva Jessie Diggins [47]
14 5 January 2019   Val di Fiemme 10 km C Mass Start   Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Natalya Nepryayeva Anastasia Sedova [48]
15 6 January 2019   Val di Fiemme 9 km F Pursuit climb   Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Krista Pärmäkoski Anastasia Sedova [49]
7 13th Tour de Ski Overall (29 December 2018 – 6 January 2019) Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Natalya Nepryayeva Krista Pärmäkoski [50]
8 16 12 January 2019   Dresden Sprint F   Stina Nilsson Maja Dahlqvist Jonna Sundling Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [51]
9 17 19 January 2019   Otepää Sprint C   Maiken Caspersen Falla Natalya Nepryayeva Maja Dahlqvist [52]
10 18 20 January 2019   Otepää 10 km C   Therese Johaug Ebba Andersson Natalya Nepryayeva [53]
11 19 26 January 2019   Ulricehamn 10 km F   Therese Johaug Astrid Uhrenholdt Jacobsen Ebba Andersson [54]
12 20 9 February 2019   Lahti Sprint F   Maiken Caspersen Falla Sophie Caldwell Maja Dahlqvist [55]
13 21 16 February 2019   Cogne Sprint F   Jessie Diggins Sandra Ringwald Johanna Hagström [56]
14 22 17 February 2019   Cogne 10 km C   Kerttu Niskanen Nadine Fähndrich Natalya Nepryayeva [57]
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2019 (20 February–3 March)
15 23 10 March 2019   Oslo 30 km C Mass Start Therese Johaug Natalya Nepryayeva Ebba Andersson Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [58]
16 24 12 March 2019   Drammen Sprint C   Maiken Caspersen Falla Astrid Uhrenholdt Jacobsen Natalya Nepryayeva [59]
17 25 16 March 2019   Falun Sprint F   Stina Nilsson Maiken Caspersen Falla Maja Dahlqvist [60]
18 26 17 March 2019   Falun 10 km F   Therese Johaug Ebba Andersson Jessie Diggins [61]
27 22 March 2019   Québec Sprint F   Stina Nilsson Maja Dahlqvist Jonna Sundling Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [62]
28 23 March 2019   Québec 10 km C Mass Start   Stina Nilsson Therese Johaug Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [63]
29 24 March 2019   Québec 10 km F Pursuit  Therese Johaug Krista Pärmäkoski Ebba Andersson [64]
19 2018–19 World Cup Finals (22–24 March 2019) Stina Nilsson Therese Johaug Ingvild Flugstad Østberg [65]

Men's team
WC Date Place Discipline Winner Second Third Ref.
1 9 December 2018   Beitostølen 4 × 7.5 km relay C/F    Norway I
Emil Iversen
Martin Johnsrud Sundby
Sjur Røthe
Finn Hågen Krogh
  Russia I
Evgeniy Belov
Alexander Bolshunov
Denis Spitsov
Andrey Melnichenko
  Norway II
Didrik Tønseth
Hans Christer Holund
Magne Haga
Simen Hegstad Krüger
 [66]
2 13 January 2019   Dresden Team Sprint F    Norway I
Erik Valnes
Sindre Bjørnestad Skar
  Norway II
Pål Golberg
Eirik Brandsdal
  Russia I
Artem Maltsev
Gleb Retivykh
 [67]
3 27 January 2019   Ulricehamn 4 × 7.5 km relay C/F    Russia II
Evgeniy Belov
Alexander Bessmertnykh
Denis Spitsov
Artem Maltsev
  Russia I
Andrey Larkov
Alexander Bolshunov
Andrey Melnichenko
Sergey Ustiugov
  Norway
Hans Christer Holund
Didrik Tønseth
Sjur Røthe
Simen Hegstad Krüger
 [68]
4 10 February 2019   Lahti Team Sprint C    Norway I
Emil Iversen
Johannes Høsflot Klæbo
  Norway II
Sindre Bjørnestad Skar
Eirik Brandsdal
  Finland I
Iivo Niskanen
Ristomatti Hakola
 [69]

Women's team
WC Date Place Discipline Winner Second Third Ref.
1 9 December 2018   Beitostølen 4 × 5 km relay C/F    Norway I
Heidi Weng
Therese Johaug
Ragnhild Haga
Ingvild Flugstad Østberg
  Russia II
Lidia Durkina
Anna Zherebyatyeva
Mariya Istomina
Elena Soboleva
  Finland I
Johanna Matintalo
Krista Pärmäkoski
Riitta-Liisa Roponen
Eveliina Piippo
 [70]
2 13 January 2019   Dresden Team Sprint F    Sweden I
Stina Nilsson
Maja Dahlqvist
  Sweden II
Ida Ingemarsdotter
Jonna Sundling
  Norway I
Mari Eide
Maiken Caspersen Falla
 [71]
3 27 January 2019   Ulricehamn 4 × 5 km relay C/F    Norway I
Heidi Weng
Therese Johaug
Astrid Uhrenholdt Jacobsen
Ingvild Flugstad Østberg
  Sweden I
Evelina Settlin
Ebba Andersson
Charlotte Kalla
Jonna Sundling
  Finland
Laura Mononen
Krista Pärmäkoski
Riitta-Liisa Roponen
Eveliina Piippo
 [72]
4 10 February 2019   Lahti Team Sprint C    Sweden I
Ida Ingemarsdotter
Maja Dahlqvist
  Norway I
Tiril Udnes Weng
Maiken Caspersen Falla
  Sweden II
Evelina Settlin
Hanna Falk
 [73]

Men's standings

Women's standings

Nations Cup

Points distribution

The table shows the number of points won in the 2018/19 Cross-Country Skiing World Cup for men and ladies.

Place 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
Individual 1008060504540363229262422201816151413121110987654321
Team Sprint
Nordic Opening 200160120100908072645852484440363230282624222018161412108642
World Cup Final
Relay
Tour de Ski 40032024020018016014412811610496888072646056524844403632282420161284
Stage Nordic Opening 504643403734323028262422201816151413121110987654321
Stage Tour de Ski
Stage World Cup Final
Bonus points 1512108654321

Achievements

Only individual events.

First World Cup career victory
First World Cup podium
Victories in this World Cup (all-time number of victories in parentheses)

Retirements

The following athletes announced their retirements during or after the season:

Footnotes

    References
    1. "FIS CROSS-COUNTRY WORLD CUP 2018/19" (PDF). International Ski Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
    2. "Men's Sprint C – Ruka" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 24 November 2018.
    3. "Men's 15 km C – Ruka" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 25 November 2018.
    4. "Men's Sprint F – Lillehammer" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 30 November 2018.
    5. "Men's 15 km F – Lillehammer" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 1 December 2018.
    6. "Men's 15 km C Pursuit – Lillehammer" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 2 December 2018.
    7. "Men's 9th Nordic Opening Overall" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 2 December 2018.
    8. "Men's 30.0 km Individual Free – Beitostolen" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 8 December 2018.
    9. "Men's 1.5 km Sprint Free Finals - Davos" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 15 December 2018.
    10. "Men's 15.0 km Interval Start Free - Davos" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 16 December 2018.
    11. "Men's 1.3 km Sprint Free Finals - Toblach" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 29 December 2018.
    12. "Men's 15.0 km Interval Start Free - Toblach" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 30 December 2018.
    13. "Men's 1.4 km Sprint Free Finals - Val Müstair" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 1 January 2019.
    14. "Men's 15.0 km Mass Start Classic – Oberstdorf" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 2 January 2019.
    15. "Men's 15.0 km Pursuit Free – Oberstdorf" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 3 January 2019.
    16. "Men's 15.0 km Mass Start Classic – Val di Fiemme" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 5 January 2019.
    17. "Men's 9.0 km Pursuit Free - Final Climb – Val di Fiemme" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 6 January 2019.
    18. "Men's 13th Tour de Ski Overall Standing" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 6 January 2019.
    19. "Men's 1.6 km Sprint Free Finals - Dresden" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 12 January 2019.
    20. "Men 1.6 km Sprint Classic Finals - Otepää" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 19 January 2019.
    21. "Men 15.0 km Interval Start Classic - Otepää" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 20 January 2019.
    22. "Men 15.0 km Interval Start Free - Ulricehamn" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 26 January 2019.
    23. "Men 1.6 km Sprint Free - Lahti" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 9 February 2019.
    24. "Men 1.6 km Sprint Free - Cogne" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 16 February 2019.
    25. "Men 15 km Interval Start Classic - Cogne" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 17 February 2019.
    26. "Men 50 km Mass Start Classic - Oslo" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 9 March 2019.
    27. "Men 1.2 km Sprint Classic Finals – Drammen" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 12 March 2019.
    28. "Men 1.4 km Sprint Free – Falun" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 16 March 2019.
    29. "Men 15.0 km Interval Start Free – Falun" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 17 March 2019.
    30. "Men 1.6 km Sprint Free – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 22 March 2019.
    31. "Men 15.0 km Mass Start Classic – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 23 March 2019.
    32. "Men 15.0 km Pursuit Free - Winner of the day – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 24 March 2019.
    33. "World Cup Final Overall Standing Men – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 24 March 2019.
    34. "Women's Sprint C – Ruka" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 24 November 2018.
    35. "Women's 10 km C – Ruka" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 25 November 2018.
    36. "Women's Sprint F – Lillehammer" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 30 November 2018.
    37. "Women's 10 km F – Lillehammer" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 1 December 2018.
    38. "Women's 10 km C Pursuit – Lillehammer" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 2 December 2018.
    39. "Women's 9th Nordic Opening Overall" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 2 December 2018.
    40. "Women's 15 km Individual F – Beitostolen" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 8 December 2018.
    41. "Ladies 1.5 km Sprint Free Finals – Davos" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 15 December 2018.
    42. "Ladies 10.0 km Interval Start Free – Davos" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 16 December 2018.
    43. "Ladies 1.3 km Sprint Free Finals – Toblach" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 29 December 2018.
    44. "Ladies 10.0 km Interval Start Free – Toblach" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 30 December 2018.
    45. "Ladies 1.4 km Sprint Free Finals – Val Müstair" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 1 January 2019.
    46. "Ladies 10.0 km Mass Start Classic – Oberstdorf" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 2 January 2019.
    47. "Ladies 10.0 km Pursuit Free – Oberstdorf" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 3 January 2019.
    48. "Ladies 10.0 km Mass Start Classic – Val di Fiemme" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 5 January 2019.
    49. "Ladies 9.0 km Pursuit Free - Final Climb – Val di Fiemme" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 6 January 2019.
    50. "Ladies 13th Tour de Ski Overall Standing" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 6 January 2019.
    51. "Ladies 1.6 km Sprint Free Finals – Dresden" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 12 January 2019.
    52. "Ladies 1.3 km Sprint Classic Finals – Otepää" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 19 January 2019.
    53. "Ladies 10.0 km Interval Start Classic – Otepää" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 20 January 2019.
    54. "Ladies 10.0 km Interval Start Free - Ulricehamn" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 26 January 2019.
    55. "Ladies 1.4 km Sprint Free - Lahti" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 9 February 2019.
    56. "Ladies 1.6 km Sprint Free - Cogne" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 16 February 2019.
    57. "Ladies 10 km Interval Start Classic - Cogne" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 17 February 2019.
    58. "Ladies 30 km Mass Start Classic - Oslo" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 10 March 2019.
    59. "Ladies 1.2 km Sprint Classic Finals – Drammen" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 12 March 2019.
    60. "Ladies 1.4 km Sprint Free – Falun" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 16 March 2019.
    61. "Ladies 10.0 km Interval Start Free – Falun" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 17 March 2019.
    62. "Ladies 1.6 km Sprint Free – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 22 March 2019.
    63. "Ladies 10.0 km Mass Start Classic – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 23 March 2019.
    64. "Ladies 10 km Pursuit Free - Winner of the day – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 24 March 2019.
    65. "World Cup Final Overall Standing Ladies – Québec" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 24 March 2019.
    66. "Men 4x7.5 km Relay Beitostølen" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 9 December 2018.
    67. "Men's Team Sprint F - Dresden" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 13 January 2019.
    68. "Men 4x7.5 km Relay Ulricehamn" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 27 January 2019.
    69. "Men's Team Sprint C - Lahti" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 10 February 2019.
    70. "Ladies 4x5 km Relay – Beitostølen" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 9 December 2018.
    71. "Ladies Team Sprint F - Dresden" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 13 January 2019.
    72. "Ladies 4 x 5.0 km Relay Classic/Free – Ulricehamn" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 27 January 2019.
    73. "Ladies Team Sprint C - Lahti" (PDF). International Ski Federation. 10 February 2019.
    74. https://www.facebook.com/476837989013812/posts/2263263747037885/
    75. "Canada's Harvey wins silver in penultimate race before retirement". National Post. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
    76. Ahlnäs, Mats (5 March 2019). "Känslosam Heikkinen meddelade att han avslutar karriären: "Det räcker nu"" (in Swedish). Hufvudstadsbladet. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
    77. "Олимпийский чемпион по лыжным гонкам Крюков объявил о завершении карьеры" (in Russian). TASS. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
    78. "Bad boy of cross-country skiing, Olympic champ Northug, retires". France 24. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
    79. "Toller Abschied für Luis Stadlober" (in German). Salzburg24. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
    80. "Максим Вылегжанин: "Следующий сезон будет для меня последним"". sports.ru (in Russian). 3 April 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
    81. Holmberg, Ludvig (30 March 2019). "Gjorde sitt livs säsong – slutar som 28-åring". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2019.
    82. "Nicole Fessel beendet ihre Karriere: Erstes Kind im Dezember" (in German). T-Online. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
    83. "Ida Ingemarsdotter avslutar sin elitkarriär". Svenska Skidförbundet. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
    84. "Sargent Retires from World Cup Racing in Quebec City". Craftsbury Outdoor Center. 30 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
    85. "Nathalie von Siebenthal beendet ihre Karriere" (in German). SRF. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
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