456th Bombardment Squadron

The 456th Bombardment Squadron was activated at Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina on 4 August 1942 as one of the four original squadrons of the 323d Bombardment Group. After Phase I training at MacDill Field, Florida with Martin B-26 Marauders, the squadron trained for combat at Myrtle Beach Bombing Range, South Carolina until late April 1943, when the ground echelon departed Myrtle Beach for England, sailing on the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 5 May. The air echelon of the squadron had moved to Baer Field, Indiana in February. At Baer, it received new B-26Cs, then proceeded to the United Kingdom via the north Atlantic ferry route by June.[2][3][4]

The squadron began operations with Eighth Air Force in July 1943 as part of the first raid on the European continent by B-26s.[4] When Ninth Air Force moved to the United Kingdom in the fall of 1943, the squadron became part of it. It attacked airports, industrial factories, marshalling yards and military targets in France and the Low Countries. During Big Week the squadron attacked Leeuwarden and Venlo Airfields. The squadron also attacked V-weapons launch sites in France.[3]

In preparation for Operation Overlord, the Invasion of Normandy, the 456th attacked coastal defenses and other targets in northwestern France. on D-Day it attacked lines of communication and fortifications on the coast. It was part of the aerial barrage during the opening stage of Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo.[3]

In late August 1944, the squadron left England for Lessay Airfield, an advanced landing ground in France. From the continent, it began flying night missions, with its first night mission against batteries near Saint-Malo. It also carried out night missions against ammunition dumps and fuel storage areas. In September, it attacked fortifications near Brest, France, and as allied forces advanced across France, toward the Siegfried Line shifted its operations primarily to targets in eastern France. The squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for striking transportation hubs used by the Wehrmacht to bring reinforcements to the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.[3]

The 456th flew interdiction missions in the Ruhr as the Allies drove across Germany and attacked enemy communications. It flew its last combat in April 1945, then moved to Kempten, Germany, where it participated in the program to disarm Germany. It returned to the United States in November and was inactivated at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, the Port of Embarkation, a day later.[2][3]

The squadron was reactivated under Air Defense Command (ADC) as a reserve unit at Tinker Field in September 1947.[2] At Tinker, it trained under the supervision of ADC's 177th AAF Base Unit (Reserve Training), later the 2592d Air Force Reserve Training Center.[5] It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed or equipped prior to 1949.[6] The squadron flew a mix of trainers and Douglas A-26 Invaders.[7]

In 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[8] ConAC reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization system in June 1949. The new wings were manned at only 25% of their normal strength.[9] All reserve combat units were mobilized for the Korean war.[10] The squadron was mobilized on 10 March 1951. Its personnel and aircraft were used as fillers for other organizations and the squadron was inactivated a week later.[2][11]

B-47Es of Strategic Air Command

The 656th Bombardment Squadron, the second predecessor of the 556th, was activated as part of the 68th Bombardment Wing at Lake Charles Air Force Base, Louisiana in 1953, when it assumed the personnel and equipment of the 24th Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously inactivated.[12][note 1] The squadron took over the Boeing B-29 Superfortresses of the 24th, but began transitioning into the Boeing B-47 Stratojet by April when it received first production block of B-47Es. Along with its parent wing, the squadron deployed to RAF Fairford from June to August 1954. in 1957, Strategic Air Command (SAC) began implementing Operation Reflex. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97s at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments.[13] Under this program, the squadron stood nuclear alert at RAF Brize Norton from September 1957 to January 1958.[14]

From 1958, SAC's B-47 began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. General Thomas S. Power's set an initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[15] The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962.[16] The 656th became non-operational in March 1963 and was inactivated in April as the B-47 began to be phased out of SAC's inventory[17] and Chennault Air Force Base closed.

The 456th and 656th Bombardment Squadrons were consolidated as the 556th Tactical Air Support Squadron in September 1985,[18] but the consolidated squadron has not been active.

• 323d Bombardment Group, 4 August 1942 – 26 November 1945
• 323d Bombardment Group, 26 September 1947 – 17 March 1951[20]
• 68th Bombardment Wing, 16 January 1953 – 15 April 1963[14]

• Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945[2]
• Douglas A-26 (later B-26) Invader, by 1949–1951[7]
• North American T-6 Texan, by 1949–1951[7]
• Beechcraft T-7 Navigator, 1950–1951[7]
• Beechcraft T-11 Kansan, by 1949–1951[7]
• Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1953[25]
• Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953-1963[25]

Explanatory noted

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
• Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950–1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-8277650241. Retrieved 27 July 2015.